Censorship and Information Privacy Policies in Eastern Asia and the Uni

Oversight and Information Privacy Policies in Eastern Asia and the United States of America Presentation Fifteen or twenty years prior, nobody would have had the option to anticipate the extent of the effect that the development of PC internetworking innovations has had on the world. The progression of PCs and systems administration advancements, just as the steady progression of new developments has perpetually changed the manner in which mankind imparts. Individuals over the globe have been given a medium through which they can communicate their thoughts and convictions freely†¦for the most part. Numerous societies length this extraordinary planet of our own, each with various social, otherworldly and administrative convictions. A portion of these societies share basic convictions, however most definitely, there are some remarkable contrasts. Here in the United States, Internet correspondence is a lifestyle. Texting, web based business, and World Wide Web surfing are staples in numerous American’s lives. Residents are permitted to post website pages containing different so rts of material with insignificant dread of legislative impedance. Despite what might be expected, East Asian nations, for example, China and Singapore are liable to undeniably increasingly extraordinary investigation. While it is anything but difficult to pass judgment on these sorts of control and protection intrusion approaches as being unethical, there is unquestionably more to these strategies than meets the eye. Control and Information Policies in the USA The United States has been a reproducing ground for a large number of the significant advancements in the domain of internetworking. With the arrivals of these innovations come useful applications for them in the purchaser world. When PC systems got reasonable for the overall population, the World Wid... ...he excellence of the investigation of reasoning and morals permits there to be various perspectives; this case is the same. References Aneki.com (Facts taken from CIA World Factbook) http://www.aneki.com/realities/Singapore.html Ang, Peng Hwa. Nadarajan, Berlinda. June 1996. Restriction of the Internet: A Singapore Perspective. http://0-portal.acm.org.sculib.scu.edu/ft_gateway.cfm?id=228520&type=pdf&coll=portal&dl=ACM&CFID=20568552&CFTOKEN=95543504 Tan, Zixiang (Alex). Encourage, William. Goodman, Seymour. China's State-facilitated Internet Infrastructure http://0-portal.acm.org.sculib.scu.edu/ft_gateway.cfm?id=303861&type=pdf&coll=portal&dl=ACM&CFID=20568552&CFTOKEN=95543504 Wiese, Kelly. April 27, 2004. USA Today Missouri tracks scofflaws by means of pizza-conveyance databases. http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/internetprivacy/2004-04-27-pizza-no-privacy_x.htm

Definition and Examples of Subvocalizing

Definition and Examples of Subvocalizing Despite the fact that subvocalizing, the demonstration ofâ saying words quietly to oneself while perusing, will in general breaking point how quick we can peruse, it isnt fundamentally an unwanted propensity. As Emerald Dechant watches, It appears to be likely that discourse follows are a piece of all, or almost all, thinking and most likely even quiet perusing. . . . That discourse helps believing was perceived by early thinkers and analysts (Understanding and Teaching Reading). Instances of Subvocalizing A ground-breaking however woefully under-talked about effect on perusers is the sound of your composed words, which they hear inside their heads as they subvocalizegoing through the psychological procedures of creating discourse, yet not really activating discourse muscles or articulating sounds. As the piece unfurls, perusers tune in to this psychological discourse as though it were spoken so anyone might hear. What they hear is, actually, their own voices saying your words, however saying them silently.Here is a genuinely ordinary sentence. Have a go at reciting it quietly and afterward so anyone can hear. It was the Boston Public Library, opened in 1852, that established the American convention of free open libraries open to all residents. As you read the sentence you should see a delay in the progression of words after Library and 1852 . . .. Breath units partition the data in the sentence into sections that perusers subvocalize separately.(Joe Glaser, Understanding Style: Practical Ways to Improve Your Writing. Oxford Univ. Press, 1999) Subvocalizing and Reading Speed The majority of us read by subvocalizing (saying to ourselves) the words in the content. In spite of the fact that subvocalizing can enable us to recall what we read, it confines how quick we can peruse. Since clandestine discourse isn't a lot quicker than unmistakable discourse, subvocalization limits perusing rate to the pace of talking; we could peruse quicker in the event that we didnt make an interpretation of printed words into discourse based code.(Stephen K. Reed, Cognition: Theories and Applications, ninth ed. Cengage, 2012)[R]eading scholars, for example, Gough (1972) accept that in rapid familiar perusing, subvocalizing doesn't really happen on the grounds that the speed of quiet perusing is quicker than what might happen if perusers said each word quietly to themselves as they read. The quiet perusing speed for twelfth graders when perusing for importance is 250 words for every moment, though the speed for oral perusing is just 150 words for each moment (Carver, 1990). In any case, in starting perusing, when the word-acknowledgment process is far more slow than in talented familiar perusing, subvocalization . . . might be occurring in light of the fact that the perusing speed is so much slower.(S. Jay Samuels Toward a Model of Reading Fluency. What Research Has to Say About Fluency Instruction, eds. S.J. Samuels and A.E. Farstrup. Global Reading Assoc., 2006) Subvocalizing and Reading Comprehension [R]eading is message reproduction (like perusing a guide), and generally understanding of significance relies upon utilizing all the signals accessible. Perusers will be better decoders of significance is they comprehend sentence structures and on the off chance that they concentrate a large portion of their preparing capacity on the extraction of implications utilizing both semantic and syntactic setting in perusing. Perusers must check the legitimacy of their expectations in perusing by observing whether they delivered language structures as they probably am aware them and whether they bode well. . . .In rundown, a satisfactory reaction in perusing along these lines requests substantially more than the insignificant ID and acknowledgment of the setup of the composed word.(Emerald Dechant, Understanding and Teaching Reading: An Interactive Model. Routledge, 1991)Subvocalization (or perusing quietly to oneself) cant in itself add to significance or seeing anything else than perusing so anyone might hear can. In fact, such as perusing so anyone might hear, subvocalization must be cultivated with anything like typical speed and inflection on the off chance that it is gone before by understanding. We dont hear ourselves out murmuring pieces of words or sections of expressions and afterward fathom. On the off chance that anything, subvocalization eases back perusers down and meddles with understanding. The propensity for subvocalization can be broken without loss of appreciation (Hardyck Petrinovich, 1970).(Frank Smith, Understanding Reading, sixth ed. Routledge, 2011)

In which I am only slightly less boring than usual

In which I am only slightly less boring than usual Any time I have disappeared off the face of the earth or just from the blogs- it can be blamed on one of two things: 1) The Shift and A keys on my computers keyboard have been acting up since January, making it nearly impossible for me to type anything at all ever. Getting around the Shift key is easy enough, as theres another one on the right side of the keyboard; the A key, however, is another story entirely. It just took me two minutes to type those sentences. WHY WHY WHY did it have to be those two keys? Couldnt it have been something trivial, like F12 or that one key up top with the incomprehensible symbol on it? Oh, wait. Incomprehensible Symbol key pulls up the right-click menu. Thats actually pretty cool BUT UNNECESSARY WHY COULDNT THAT HAVE BROKEN?! 2) My life has been taken over by fill-in-the-blank item of extreme hosage: this summer, its being in lab all the time for my UROP and working at the Senior Haus front desk. When Im not busy dropping and shattering flasks full of buffers I just spent an hour making, Im sitting in a chair listening to Pandora and pushing the button that opens the front door. Working desk is a highly eventful job, as the following pictures (taken last Thursday on my 8AM-11AM shift) can attest to: 8 AM I open desk. 8:30 AM No one has walked through the lobby at all, probably because they are far more intelligent than I am and are still asleep. There is food at desk, as per usual; more specifically, theres a bag of giant marshmallows left over from José 10 and Nick 10s Very Special Episode™ of their show on MIT Cable, The Hip Show for Hip Kids. It was on the obesity epidemic in America. It was hilarious. (My A key is sticking again. Maybe I should find a way to finish this post without using it again?) 9:00 (See? Its working) Still no signs of life. 9:30 Someone took one of the jet-puffed sucrose/corn syrup delicious thingies (KEY JUST STOPPED WORKING MUST COPY/PSTE LETTER WHEN NEEDED GRRRR.) and moved the bag two inches over. In short, Ive spent this summer being boring. This week, however, was anything but. On Monday, I got an email from Becca 08, who is spending the next year working as a Program Coordinator for the Office of the Arts: do you want to come to an event with me and a couple other people from the office? were going to the mfa for a film (sleepwalking through the mekong) and concert (dengue fever, which is a cambodian pop/psychedelic rock group, with pistolera ) starting at six on wednesday night. wed leave from the office of the arts (E15-205) around 5:15 or so. it sounds like a lot of fun(http://www.mfa.org/calendar/index.asp?keywords=sleepwalkingcategory=collection=cal_language=week=_submit.x=1) let me know asap if you can come! to recap: cool event at 6PM (depart mit around 5:15) on Wednesday July 9. -Becca (: Who would turn that down? Not me. Never me. So on Wednesday, Becca, Tarick 11, Michele Oshima (Director of the Artist-in-Residence Program), and I went to the MFA for the film ( a travelogue of sorts from Dengue Fevers visit to Cambodia, where they played many covers of Cambodian rock music from the 60s and 70s) and the show, part of their Concerts in the Courtyard series. (Blurry pictures make me sad, but no flash photography was allowed and getting thrown out of the show would have made me sadder.) The show was moved to an auditorium indoors because of a thunderstorm, but that didnt put a damper on anyones excitement. Get it? Thunderstorm? Damper? Fine, joke not landed. (MY A KEY IS WORKING AGAIN. FINALLY.) Anyway, Pistolera was awesome, and Dengue Fever was AMAZING. If you ever get the opportunity to do anything through the Office of the Arts, by all means take it whether its making a movie for Michel Gondry or going to see an amazing band youve never heard of before. And if nothing else, itll be a great addition to your week of breaking stuff in lab and eating marshmallows for breakfast.

Child Abuse And Child Sexual Abuse - 1951 Words

In the United States today studies show that â€Å"1 in 4 women and 1 in 6 men are sexually abused before the age of 18† (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006). Therefore that would mean 42 million adults are survivors of child abuse right here in the United States. Among these children there are 73% of children who do not tell anyone for a year, and many who never tell anyone (The Children’s Assessment Center). If we do not intervene many would say 500,000 babies will be born and sexually abused by the age of 18. It is important is it to be educated in the signs and symptoms of adult and child sexual abuse and getting involved in our own communities to stop this vicious cycle. You may or may not be a social worker or therapist but everyone can help an adult or child just by caring enough to stop and recognize the clues (The Children’s Assessment Center). Most of us want to know where to begin to help someone in the various first stages of sexual abuse or assault, and in these next few paragraphs you will learn the process of interviewing a child or adult. In order to interviewing a child you will need to be well educated in child development; such as the Erik Erikson theory which helps us to understand the 8 stages of social and emotional development (Child Development Institute). Having the interview with the child as early as the information has been reported and alone is best. Always make sure the proper informed consent is filled out before any interviewingShow MoreRelatedChild Sexual Abuse And Child Abuse1308 Words   |  6 PagesChild sexual abuse is a problem that many people are still unaware of. Currently, one in twenty boys and one in five girls are sexually abused (Child Sexual Abuse Fact Sheet). In the past, children’s accusations of sexual abuse have not been believed (Berk 352). Many children told adults, yet st ill had to carry the burden, as adults, of their rapist never being caught. However, now, people are recognizing the truth and are trying to come up with a solution (Berk 352). Despite the increased effortRead MoreChild Abuse And Sexual Abuse2090 Words   |  9 Pagesforms of child abuse. Not only can children be physically abused, but they are also in danger of experiencing sexual abuse. In the more recent years, child sexual abuse has come to the attention of a larger part of society. As such, it is becoming more openly discussed. Child sexual abuse is a growing problem, and the stories that have begun to circulate around the world work to illustrate just how serious the problem is. Despite what society is lead to believe, the sexual abuse of a child is theRead MoreChild Abuse And Sexual Abuse1770 Words   |  8 PagesAccording to dictionary.com, child abuse is the â€Å"mistreatment of a child by a parent or guardian, including neglect, beating, and sexual molestation.† About five children die every day from child abuse and many children who are abused start experiencing it at eighteen months or younger. While abuse can start at any age, more than 25% are under the age of three and over 45% are under the age of five. The younger a child is, the more vulnerable they are. If signs of abuse are discovered at a young ageRead MoreChild Sexual Abuse1260 Words   |  5 Pages Child sexual abuse is a social crisis of significant magnitude. This type of abuse has been found to be correlated with the advancement of an extensive range of mental health and social problems in children and adults. Child sexual abuse is the term used when an adult uses a child or adolescent for his own sexual gratification or pleasure. Furthermore, a frequent expression of childhood sexual abuse is control over the abused child. This type of abuse knows no particular demographic and occursRead MoreSexual Abuse And Child Abuse1983 Words   |  8 PagesSexual abuse to a chi ld can be a confusing and devastating experience for the family. Families who are affected by child sexual abuse can have a difficult time talking about the abuse. Studies have shown that about one out of every four girls and one out of every five boys are sexually abused by the time they are 18 years old. Sexual abuse to children does not discriminate based on socioeconomic status, ethnicity, culture, religion or education. Treating a victim of child sexual abuse is a difficultRead MoreChild Sexual Abuse1573 Words   |  7 PagesChild Sexual Abuse CONTENT PAGE 1. Introduction Page 1 2. Case Study Page 1 3. How this Affects learners Page 2 4. Policies and Procedures Page 2 5. Raising Awareness Page 3 6. Conclusion Page 3 7. References Page 4 Appendix 1. INTRODUCTION Research indicates that 1 out of every 4 children will be the victim of sexual abuse before reachingRead Morechild sexual abuse1658 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Child Sexual Abuse Siping Chen Laney College Psych 7A April 10, 2014 Child Sexual Abuse Child sexual abuse does not have a universal definition. However, a central characteristic of any abuse is the dominant position of an adult that allows him or her to force or coerce a child into sexual activity (American Psychological Association). Yet all offences that involve sexually touching a child, as well as non-touching offenses and sexual exploitation, are justRead MoreChild Sexual Abuse1410 Words   |  6 Pagescertainly many experiences before they became truly mature. A child can face lot of dangerous things from the environment surrounding them which might seriously affect their whole life. As definition in the Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act: Child abuse is any action from adult to a child that it could be harmful to the child’s body or mental (Children Welfare Information Gateway 2007). In 2005, among 3.6 million investigations by Child Protective Services agencies in the U.S, an estimatedRead MoreChild Sexual And Sexual Abuse1659 Words   |à ‚  7 PagesChild Sexual Abuse Why does child sexual abuse happen and what are the effects of it? â€Å"Child sexual abuse is sexual contact with a child that occurs as a result of force or in a relationship where it is exploited because of an age difference or caretaking responsibility† (Finkelhor). Roughly 1.8 million children have been sexually victimized in the United States (NSOPW). Although there is no proof that racial or socioeconomic groups is a factor in a predators choosing, studies show that childrenRead MoreChild Sexual Abuse and Child Pornography2003 Words   |  8 PagesChild pornography is a broadly defined term mainly because there is no internationally agreed upon definition. There are also some conflicting laws between different countries that further complicate the issue of child pornography. It can become difficult to prosecute with the increased use of computers and anonymous online networks. Both the offenders and the victims can come from a wide range of social and cultural backgro unds. Child pornography includes pictures or videos that present children

Biography of the German Explorer Carl Peters

Carl Peters was a German explorer, journalist and philosopher, instrumental in the founding of German East Africa and helped create the European Scramble for Africa. Despite being vilified for cruelty to Africans and removed from office, he was later praised by Kaiser Wilhelm II and was considered a German hero by Hitler. Date of birth: 27 September 1856, Neuhaus an der Elbe (New House on the Elbe), Hanover GermanyDate of death: 10 September 1918 Bad Harzburg, Germany An Early Life: Carl Peters was born the son of a minister on 27 September 1856. He attended the local monastery school in Ilfeld until 1876 and then attended college in Goettingen, Tà ¼bingen, and Berlin where he studied history, philosophy, and law. His college time was financed by scholarships and through early successes in journalism and writing. In 1879 he left Berlin University with a degree in history. The following year, abandoning a career in law, he left for London where he stayed with a wealthy uncle. Society for German Colonisation: During his four years in London, Carl Peters studied British history and investigated its colonial policies and philosophy. Returning to Berlin after his uncles suicide in 1884, he helped establish the Society for German Colonisation [Gesellschaft fà ¼r Deutsche Kolonisation]. Hopes For a German Colony in Africa: Towards the end of 1884 Peters traveled to East Africa to obtain treaties with local chiefs. Although unsanctioned by the German government, Peters felt confident that his endeavors would lead to a new German colony in Africa. Landing on the coast at Bagamoyo just across from Zanzibar (in what is now Tanzania) on 4 November 1884, Peters and his colleagues traveled for just six weeks -- persuading both Arab and African chiefs to sign away exclusive rights to land and trade routes. One typical agreement, the Treaty of Eternal Friendship, had Sultan Mangungu of Msovero, Usagara, offering his territory with all its civil and public privileges to Dr Karl Peters as the representative of the Society for German Colonisation for the exclusive and universal utilization of German colonization. German Protectorate in East Africa: Returning to Germany, Peters set about consolidating his African successes. On 17 February 1885 Peters received an imperial charter from the German government and on 27 February, after the conclusion of the Berlin West African Conference, the German Chancellor Bismarck announced the creation of a German protectorate in East Africa. The German East-African Society [Deutsch Osta-Afrikanischen Gesellschaft] was created in April and Carl Peters was declared its chairman. Initially a 18 kilometre costal strip was recognized as still belonging to Zanzibar. But in 1887 Carl Peters returned to Zanzibar to obtain the right to collect duties - the lease was ratified on 28 April 1888. Two years later the strip of land was purchased from the Sultan of Zanzibar for  £200,000. With area of almost 900 000 square kilometres, German East Africa almost doubled the land held by the German Reich. Searching for Emin Pasha: In 1889 Carl Peters returned to Germany from East Africa, giving up his position as chairman. In response to Henry Stanleys expedition to rescue Emin Pasha, a German explorer and governor of Egyptian Equatorial Sudan who was reputed to be trapped in his province by Mahdist enemies, Peters announced his intention to beat Stanley to the prize. Having raised 225,000 marks, Peters and his party depart from Berlin in February. Competition with Britain for Land: Both trips were actually attempts to claim more land (and gain access to the upper Nile) for their respective masters: Stanley working for King Leopold of Belgium (and the Congo), Peters for Germany. One year after departure, having reached the Wasoga on the Victoria Nile (between Lake Victoria and Lake Albert) he was handed a letter from Stanley: Emin Pasha had already been rescued. Peters, unaware of a treaty ceding Uganda to Britain, continued north to make a treaty with the king Mwanga. The Man With Blood on His Hands: The Heligoland Treaty (ratified on 1 July 1890) set German and British spheres of influence in East Africa, Britain to have Zanzibar and the mainland opposite and towards the north, Germany to have the mainland south of Zanzibar. (The treaty is named for an Island off the Elba estuary in Germany which was transferred from British to German control.) In addition, Germany gained Mount Kilimanjaro, part of the disputed territories - Queen Victoria wanted her grandson, the German Kaiser, to have a mountain in Africa. In 1891 Carl Peters was made the commissioner to renamed protectorate of German East Africa, based in a newly created station near Kilimanjaro. By 1895 rumors reached Germany of cruel and unusual treatment of Africans by Peters (he is known in Africa as Milkono wa Damu - the Man with Blood on his hands) and he is recalled from German East Africa to Berlin. A judicial hearing is undertaken the following year, during which Peters relocates to London. In 1897 Peters is officially condemned for his violent attacks on African natives and is dismissed from government service. The judgement is severely criticized by the German press. In London Peters set up an independent company, the Dr Carl Peters Exploration Company, which funded several trips to German East Africa and to British territory around the Zambezi River. His adventures formed the basis of his book Im Goldland des Altertums (The Eldorado of the Ancients) in which he describes the region as being the fabled lands of Ophir. In 1909 Carl Peters married Thea Herbers and, having been exonerated by the German emperor Wilhelm II and granted a state pension, he returned to Germany on the eve of the First World War. Having published a handful of books on Africa Peters retired to Bad Harzburg, where on 10 September 1918 he died. During World War II, Adolf Hitler referred to Peters as a German hero and his collected works were re-published in three volumes.

Management Decision Making Free Essays

A Good Decision Making is the advantage of linking with Xiu. com for eBay. They link with each other because they have a common business idea and goal. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Decision Making or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, a good decision making is very important to achieve the business goal. Decision-making are important skills for business. Problem-solving and decision-making are linked. They also require creativity in identifying and developing options. SWOT analysis and PEST analysis are very useful to help decision-making and problem-solving. SWOT analysis can help to assess the strength and weakness of the companies, and opportunities and threats of external factors. PEST analysis can help to assess the potential and suitability of market. Good decision-making requires some skills. For example, creative development and identification of options, clarity of judgement,firmness of decision, and effective implementation. Moreover, Partnership companies need to have consensus in decison-making, workshops can help and include those tools and process. Problem Solving and Decision Making) There are six steps for companies to make deicison. First, define the problems. Second, combine all the facts and understand the reasons. Third, think about some possible solutions. Fourth, consider and compare the advantages and disadvangatages of the possible solutions. Fifth, select the best solution. Sixth, explain your decision to employee sand follow up to make sure the effective implementation. When the partnership companies make the dec isions, Xiu. om and eBay can share the risks,costs and the loss(or profit). Also, they can have more sources of capital to put into the busines and make a better decision to have more potential for growth. They can less their problems in financial investment. They can support each other,make a good decison and solve the problems in business together for the betterment of the company. eBay and Xiu. com the partners have different skills because eBay provides service to US people and Xiu. com provide service to mainland people. When hey work together, their skills and talents compliment each others can make a good business team because they have more information and knowledges to make a good decision. Partnership companies always have delay when they make decision because they need to consider the partners and need to have their partners’ agreement. Also, the most obvious disadvantages of partnership is the danger of disagreements between the partners. The companies will have d ifferent ideas when they make the decisons about how business should run. Disagreements and disputes can harm the business and the relationship of partners. There are many families and friends go into business together and they all ends badly because they have many agruements when they make decisions. (Advantages and Disadvantages of Partnership) The companies need a big amount of capital when they make the decision. However, one of the partners can take all the capital in company. It has a lot of risks to have partnership with others. Recommendation: There has a lot of competitors in e-commerce service provider. For example, Tmall. com is a big competitor to eBay. com and Xiu. com when they link up because Tmall. com is the mainland’s largest business in e-commerence service provider. To solve this problem, eBay and Xiu. com can make a good decison. eBay can connect the online shoppers in mainland to some trusted sellers in the United States and Xiu. com can handle the sales, logistics and customer services to mainland customers. This decision can help them gain more customers around the world, have a larger profit in thir business and fight against the competitiors. To avoid the disagreements and disputes problems, the companies should draft a decision plan during the formation to make sure everyone know the procedures and the information of the decisions. They should have a good communication to help them not to delay and make mistakes when they make decisions. To avoid working with dishonest partners, they should choose a trustworthy partner,plan well and keep a good relationship with your partners. It can help each other to catch up the business and develope the trust. Also, it can help them to have better communication and it can have less agruements when they make the decisions. How to cite Management Decision Making, Essay examples Management Decision Making Free Essays A Good Decision Making is the advantage of linking with Xiu. com for eBay. They link with each other because they have a common business idea and goal. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Decision Making or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, a good decision making is very important to achieve the business goal. Decision-making are important skills for business. Problem-solving and decision-making are linked. They also require creativity in identifying and developing options. SWOT analysis and PEST analysis are very useful to help decision-making and problem-solving. SWOT analysis can help to assess the strength and weakness of the companies, and opportunities and threats of external factors. PEST analysis can help to assess the potential and suitability of market. Good decision-making requires some skills. For example, creative development and identification of options, clarity of judgement,firmness of decision, and effective implementation. Moreover, Partnership companies need to have consensus in decison-making, workshops can help and include those tools and process. Problem Solving and Decision Making) There are six steps for companies to make deicison. First, define the problems. Second, combine all the facts and understand the reasons. Third, think about some possible solutions. Fourth, consider and compare the advantages and disadvangatages of the possible solutions. Fifth, select the best solution. Sixth, explain your decision to employee sand follow up to make sure the effective implementation. When the partnership companies make the dec isions, Xiu. om and eBay can share the risks,costs and the loss(or profit). Also, they can have more sources of capital to put into the busines and make a better decision to have more potential for growth. They can less their problems in financial investment. They can support each other,make a good decison and solve the problems in business together for the betterment of the company. eBay and Xiu. com the partners have different skills because eBay provides service to US people and Xiu. com provide service to mainland people. When hey work together, their skills and talents compliment each others can make a good business team because they have more information and knowledges to make a good decision. Partnership companies always have delay when they make decision because they need to consider the partners and need to have their partners’ agreement. Also, the most obvious disadvantages of partnership is the danger of disagreements between the partners. The companies will have d ifferent ideas when they make the decisons about how business should run. Disagreements and disputes can harm the business and the relationship of partners. There are many families and friends go into business together and they all ends badly because they have many agruements when they make decisions. (Advantages and Disadvantages of Partnership) The companies need a big amount of capital when they make the decision. However, one of the partners can take all the capital in company. It has a lot of risks to have partnership with others. Recommendation: There has a lot of competitors in e-commerce service provider. For example, Tmall. com is a big competitor to eBay. com and Xiu. com when they link up because Tmall. com is the mainland’s largest business in e-commerence service provider. To solve this problem, eBay and Xiu. com can make a good decison. eBay can connect the online shoppers in mainland to some trusted sellers in the United States and Xiu. com can handle the sales, logistics and customer services to mainland customers. This decision can help them gain more customers around the world, have a larger profit in thir business and fight against the competitiors. To avoid the disagreements and disputes problems, the companies should draft a decision plan during the formation to make sure everyone know the procedures and the information of the decisions. They should have a good communication to help them not to delay and make mistakes when they make decisions. To avoid working with dishonest partners, they should choose a trustworthy partner,plan well and keep a good relationship with your partners. It can help each other to catch up the business and develope the trust. Also, it can help them to have better communication and it can have less agruements when they make the decisions. How to cite Management Decision Making, Papers

The Choice Nicholas Sparks! free essay sample

The book I read this trimester was The Choice written by Nicholas Sparks. The choice is a heart wrenching story about two neighbors, Travis and Gabby, who end up falling in love. Spanning the eventful years of their young love, marriage and family, The Choice ultimately confronts the reader with the hardest question of all: how far would you go to keep the hope of love alive? If i could make this book into a movie i would very known directors and actors because it would make the movie more interesting to the viewers. The directory i ould use would have to be Nick Cassavetes because he has done many romantic movies such as the Notebook which was also based of a book written by Nicholas Sparks. The way Cassavetes films makes the motion picture more moving and he is experienced with this kind of romantic/dramatic plot line. For the actors i would use Debra Messing as Gabby. We will write a custom essay sample on The Choice Nicholas Sparks! or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Debra is perfect for the role of Gabby because the have very similar characteristics. Most importantly she has the fiery red hair that Gabby has in the book. I think that Debra has featured herself in any roles that were similar to Gabby such as her part as Grace in the hit Sitcom Will and Grace. She also has fresh face and it would be easy for her to play both 28 year old Gabby and 40 year old Gabby. The next actor i would use Chris Pine for the character Travis. Travis is a laid back veterinarian who is very sporty and loves the outdoors. Chris Pine has that athletic look and physique. Chris Pine can play both 29 year old Travis and 40 year old Travis. Chris Pine has a very boys next door look which is needed because Gabby is upposed to have a huge crush on him. I think that Chris Pine and Debra Messing would have good chemistry and they would look good together. In the book Travis dad is a huge part. I would have to cast someone who is older but is good at acting. I would use Mel Gibson because he is a really good actor and he is a crowd pleaser. I think he would bring in an older crowd of people to come see the move. He also has done romantic type movies before so it wouldnt be hard for him to get into character. The next character are Travis and Gabbys two daughters. These characters would be hard to cast because the are 8 and 5 years old so i would have to find two girls who look young and are good at acting. Also they have to look similar to each other and Chris Pine and Debra Messing. I would use Dakota Fannings little sister Elle. She has been in a few movies and she isnt too young and she can look the age of the youngest daughter. For the older daughter i would use Noah Cyrus. She is the perfect age and she looks similar to Elle. For the location of the movie i would choose the actually setting of the book. The book takes place in North Carolina. I think that since the book already has a perfect place so why not take advantage of it. If all the casting worked out the way i wanted i think the movie could be a box office hit because it has all the elements a movies needs. It has a good plot line, great actors that are known by many people and the location is beautiful and perfect. The movie cost wouldnt be that bad because we wouldnt have to film anything outside of mazing.

Ja-sin-gam in Kimchi soup free essay sample

Raindrops falling from the eaves catch the yellow beams of the street light. As they drip onto the window frame, drops of gold scatter and sprinkle into the darkness. Drip-drop, drip-drop, drip-drop. I cautiously stretched my arm outside the window, touching the fresh and cool drops of rain. It was silent except for the rhythmic drip-drop of falling rain on my hand. But the solitude was broken, as my mother knocked on my door. â€Å"Min-Kyung, it’s time to go. Don’t forget to bring your umbrella.† It is the season when rain endlessly pours on the earth. It is also the season when my grandmother told me stories on the bamboo floor, sitting with her legs tucked beneath her and with my head in her lap. And, today is exactly eight years after I overcame from mental break after my grand mother’s death. â€Å"Min-Kyung, this year, you take care of your grandmother’s portrait until we arrive at your grandmother’s grave,† my father said. We will write a custom essay sample on Ja-sin-gam in Kimchi soup or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I held the bottom edge of a picture frame. Her portrait photograph was white-and-black, yellowish at the edge, smelling like her cheap potpourri. My grandmother was a typical Korean grandmother, who cooked a great Kim chi soup for her family’s morning meal, who sewed up the holes in her children’s clothes by hand, who loved to tell stories to her granddaughter, who always stand next for me. No one would imagine she was one of the very few Korean women who graduated from a college during the Japanese occupation. No one would imagine she was the old pharmacist offering free medicines to orphanages when everybody in my country suffered for lack of medical supplies in the 1960s. When I was seven years old, I had a fist fight with my kindergarten classmate; he mocked me because I could not do even simple addition in math. Three feet, nine inches tall, bleeding on my leg, I was filled with anger and asked my grandmother to punish my classmate for me. But my grandmother sat down gently, adjusting her eye level to my eye level. She patted my disheveled black hair and said, â€Å"Min-Kyung, try to win over yourself, not win over other people. It is important to have ja-sin-gam, a strong confidence in yourself. Do not let other people discourage you.† I could not understand her; I felt betrayed. I placed my grandmother’s portrait in front of her grave. In the wind and rain, I could smell the familiar odors of wet trees mixed with old potpourri. I cannot listen to my grandmother’s stories with my head lying in her lap on rainy days anymore. But I can still hear the rhythm of raindrops dripping on the bamboo floor. I can still smell the odor of soaked bamboo after rain. And now, at last, I can understand what she told me eleven years ago. Ja-sin-gam compels me forward.

Newborn Screening Review Essay

Newborn Screening Review Essay The Significance of Newborn Screening Review Essay The Significance of Newborn Screening Review Essay The importance of newborn screening is enormous because this health program assists healthcare professionals in the process of identification and prevention of numerous health-threatening diseases, pathologies, and other health defects. With help of newborn screening experts in the sphere of healthcare can obtain valuable data where further testing should be recommended. The given paper aims to determine and assess the significance of newborn screening, review statistics in numerous countries, including the Middle East, and, finally, pay attention to serious newborn diseases. In addition, several effective methods of prevention of newborn diseases will be reviewed and evaluated. Taking into consideration the definition of newborn screening, it is rather important to note that this health program is primarily purposed to screen infants after their birth in order to diagnose serious health problems. The researchers claim that this procedure should be conducted shortly after the birth of children, because it increases the chances either to treat or prevent health defects (CDC, 2014). Besides, high quality newborn screening may prevent sudden death of infant. It is rather important to emphasize the fact that these screening programs are not mandatory on the territories of many countries. Unfortunately, nowadays too many children suffer from inborn birth defects, and that is why newborn screening can reduce the percentage of numerous diseases. Even if children look healthy, the researchers recommend parents to insist on newborn screening, because this procedure may save lives of children suffering from various diseases and defects. Thus, this procedure has alread y proven efficient, as it has saved thousands of newborn children around the globe from numerous fatal disorders, including inborn errors of metabolic processes, blood diseases, and other health problems (CDC, 2014). Effectiveness of Screening Tests According to the results of statistics, which include the information about effectiveness of screening tests in different countries, thousands of families around the globe, including those in the USA, Canada, European nations, and the Middle Eastern countries, refer to newborn screening with the purpose to decrease the morbidity and mortality rates among children. These procedures provide a chance for people to conduct effective genetic counselling as well as follow numerous preventive strategies (Ben-Omran, 2013). According to the research results, Qatar is one of the first countries in the Arab world that has expanded newborn screening programs and tests on national, regional, and local levels (Ben-Omran, 2013). The government of this country encourages people to conduct newborn screening with the primary purposes to diagnose, provide treatment, and prevent endocrine disorders. For instance, between 2003 and 2012, more than 135 hundred thousands of neonates were screened on the territory of Qatar. Moreover, with help of these effective tests and techniques, medical professionals in Qatar have the opportunity to detect approximately 30 different diseases, including endocrine problems and inborn errors of metabolism. Besides, these newborn screening tests provide a chance to detect not only classic forms of inborn diseases and pathologies, but their rare variants as well. The results of recent reports state that the amount of newborn diseases is very large in the Middle East, as opposed to the Western world and many developed European countries (Ben-Omran, 2013). The researchers claim that many obstacles prevent governments of the Middle Eastern countries from implementing mandatory newborn screening programs. The most common obstacles include the absence of important technical structures, unavailability of funds and investments for global screening tests, considerably high birth rates, extremely low incomes, and, finally, insufficient numbers of trained physicians as well as the lack of specialized facilities (Ben-Omran, 2013). According to the results provided by DACHDNC, the government of the USA recommends to screen newborns for numerous diseases. For instance, it is estimated that newborn screening can detect at least 31 health defects and inborn illnesses. Each year, millions of children on the territory of the USA are screened and, at the same time, diagnosed with numerous genetic defects, metabolic diseases, and endocrine problems. It is rather important to note the fact that in the USA newborn screening is considered an extremely visible and significant state-based program that was implemented in the early 1960s (Cordero et al, n. d.). R. Guthrie is the first person who successfully devised several screening tests and procedures for phenylketonuria, which is commonly referred to as PKU. This medical procedure was easily performed because of its simplicity, as it involved only a blood spot and a small filter paper card. During that period of time, approximately 150 million newborn children were scree ned with the primary purpose to diagnose and prevent significant genetic and congenital health defects (Cordero et al, n. d.). Taking into consideration scientific investigations of healthcare professionals, the majority of infants with metabolic and genetic health disorders look and behave normal at birth. However, with time, these diseases are progressing and, at the same time, becoming more visible to other people. Thus, numerous tests and screening procedures have been primarily designed in order to establish possible treatment and prevent irreversible damages to human body. According to the estimations of the researchers, newborn screening system in the USA consists of numerous components that are closely intertwined (Cordero et al, n. d.). The first integral element of newborn screening is based on education of healthcare professionals as well as parents. According to the second component, newborn screening system involves such procedures as collection of specimen, submission, and, lastly, testing. After that, health care professionals have to differentiate and explain abnormal or unsatisfactory test results. The fourth stage of screening system includes mandatory confirmatory clinical procedures and establishment of accurate diagnosis according to the results of tests. Finally, the fifth and sixth phases of newborn screening systems involve such important procedures as quality assurance of medical tests, validity of procedures, estimations of short-term as well as long-term benefits of screening tests to children or their families, and many other significant procedures. Taking into account the result of scientific researches provided by the National Newborn Screening and Genetics Resource Center, approximately 5 thousand out of 4 million infants are diagnosed with severe or even lethal pathologies or diseases that cannot be treated because of the absence of effective and influential cure (Cordero et al, n. d.). At the same time, newborn screening is recognized in the USA as one of the most effective programs that can reduce the percentage of newborn children with lethal pathologies to a minimum (Cordero et al, n. d.). The government of the USA has issued specialized statutes or, in other words, regulations that bear the responsibility for quality of public health newborn screening tests and procedures. In simple words, each separate state in the USA determines either mandatory or voluntary nature of newborn screening procedures. At present, screening of infants is available in many forms on the territory of the USA. Thus, every family, regardless of its origin, area of residence, preferred language, intelligence rates, and religious options, have the opportunity to screen children for health disorders. The government of the USA makes successful attempts in order to ensure universal access to newborn screening procedures for all families that live on the territory of this country. However, one factor that impedes the access of people to screening tests is directly connected with comparatively high price of some screening tests. According to the statistical data provided by the Council of Responsibl e Genetics, approximately 98 % of infants that are born in the USA are screened for significant amounts of inherited health conditions that are usually stored in specialized state-operated databases (Cordero et al, n. d.). However, in recent years, the amount of screening tests has significantly expanded because of many reasons, including technological advancements. It is extremely important to pay attention to the specialized report that was issued by the American College of Medical Genetics in 2005. According to the main idea of this report, all states on the territory of the USA are encouraged by the governmental agencies of to ensure for citizens of the USA screening of 29 health conditions that are commonly classified as â€Å"core conditions† (Kilakkathi, 2012). The list of main health conditions involves such severe metabolic diseases and heath defects as propionic as well as isovaleric academia, maple syrus urine disease, sickle cell anemia, hearing problems, and many other health-threatening pathologies and health problems (Kilakkathi, 2012). In addition, secondary panel involves 25 serious health defects, including malonic acidemia, argininemia, and many others (Kilakkathi, 2012). Therefore, the researchers provide convincing arguments that neonatal screening has been extremely popular on the territory of European countries for more than 50 years (Kilakkathi, 2012). In other words, neonatal screening is considered one of the most well-developed, financed, and governed health programs that provide assistance to families and entire communities to bring up healthy children. According to the research results provided by the European Union, the European Commission launched a specialized call for tender in order to determine and assess the efficiency of screening practices for extremely rare health problems (Kilakkathi, 2012). Newborn Screening Tests Nowadays, professionals in the sphere of healthcare differentiate several main screening tests, especially heel prick, infant hearing tests, physical examinations, and, finally, congenital heart defects screening (CDC, 2015). For instance, the neonatal heel prick, which is sometimes referred to as Guthrie test, is one on the most widespread screening tests that should be performed in order to minimize the possible risks of health-threatening diseases. It is rather important to note that this procedure is the simplest one, because it is based on a tiny pinprick puncture that is made on one heel of an infant in order to soak blood and take some samples that are important for conducting screening tests (CDC, 2015). This simple newborn screening procedure has justified its efficiency, because it is widely applied on the territory of many countries, including the USA, Canada, European states, and Middle Eastern countries in order to diagnose a significant variety of metabolic disorders, e specially galactosemia, immunoreactive trypsinogen, sickle-cell defects, and many other health-threatening diseases and health disorders. Despite several controversies that are connected with the effectiveness of the neonatal heel prick, the researchers provide convincing arguments that this type of test is extremely widespread in the sphere of healthcare, because it provides accurate results in a short period of time, which usually take approximately five or six days (CDC, 2015). Researchers in many countries recommend to combine heel prick with efficient hearing test. Moreover, they assure that ear examination is extremely important for newborn babies, as it measures the ability of different sounds to reach the brain of infants. At present, the majority of babies around the globe go through hearing screening shortly after birth at hospitals. It is rather important to note that not all infants successfully pass these hearing screening tests from the first time. However, parents should not worry, because it does not indicate the loss of hearing. That is why experts recommend to pass second screening in order to confirm the validity of experiments (CDC, 2015). In case a child fails to pass hearing screening for the second time, parents are recommended to visit pediatric audiologist in order to perform more thorough hearing tests. These additional hearing tests are usually called hearing evaluations. In general, doctors order parents not to delay hearing tests, because ignorance of parents may result in absolute hearing loss in the period that is equal to 14 months (CDC, 2015). Moreover, in case parents avoid hearing screening, children may suffer from slowed development of language skills, cognitive abilities, and brain functions. According to the estimations of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, infants as well as toddles with some disabilities should be provided with high quality screening tests because absence of effective hearing tests and procedures may lead to dangerous and even lethal consequences. Thus, having determined and assessed the nature and basic characteristics of hearing screening, it is rather important to stress that this procedure is not only simple and painless, but cheap in comparison to other newborn screening procedures. In addition, hearing screening programs are sometimes called universal, because these simple medical procedures are set up with the purpose to test all newborn children without exceptions. The research result, provided by the World Health Organization (2009) propose that all infants should have their hearing tested before they come back home or, in other words, leave the hospital. In case children are born at home, their parents are obliged to ensure hearing screening tests to be done to their children in the period that does not exceed two months after the birth of a child. Effective and high quality hearing tests give parents the chance to prevent their newborn children from the loss of hearing abilities or other health-threatening defects (World Health Organization, 2009). Physical examination of newborn children is no less important than hearing screening, heel prick, and other tests and procedures. The primary objective of newborn physical examination deals with assessment and prevention of numerous actual or potential health problems. Health care professionals give recommendations to parents to examine their children immediately after birth. Numerous factors, including detailed assessment of respiration, body temperature, and screening for dangerous anomalies, and other health problems, should be taken into consideration. The researchers claim that initial examination of newborn children should exclude excessive disturbances. Moreover, complete or, in other words, full examination should be conducted in case the child is quiet (CDC, 2015). Finally, screening of newborn babies for critical congenital heart defects plays a significant role, as it provides the unique opportunity for health care professionals to diagnose numerous children with critical CHD before their parents take them away from the hospital (CDC, 2015). This type of screening gives an opportunity for newborn children to avoid severe disabilities and even lethal cases. It is extremely important to note the fact that in case children with undiagnosed critical CHD leave the hospital without effective treatment, they will probably face numerous dangerous health consequences, including cardiac collapse or even death within the first few days of life. The hearts of children diagnosed with critical CHD can stop functioning at any moment because of the lack of oxygen. According to the recent statistics provided by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, for every 200 newborn babies with a critical CHD, one or two deaths may be prevented with help of effic ient and high-quality screening techniques and procedures (CDC, 2015). Therefore, the cost of this medical procedure may vary, as it depends on numerous factors, including the number of births in that particular hospital, time of procedure, and the type and price of equipment that was used for screening (CDC, 2015). The Most Common Types of Neonatal Diseases Currently, the researchers in the sphere of genetics differentiate significant numbers of widespread neonatal diseases. Taking into consideration the results of statistics provided by the American Heart Association, approximately 8 out of 1000 newborn children on the territory of the USA suffer because of congenital heart defects that are considered to be the most common birth defects among children (Children’s National Medical Center, n. d.). The main causes of this disease have been unknown. In general, congenital heart defects are classified into several types, including excessive amounts of blood that passes through the lungs, little amounts of blood that does not give the chance to human body to receive oxygen, and, finally, underdeveloped chambers that prevent appropriate amounts of blood from travelling to a human body (Children’s National Medical Center, n. d.). Apnea of prematurity is a term that is extensively used in the sphere of healthcare and denotes the absence of breathing for approximately 20 seconds or even more. Moreover, the most common symptoms of apnea of prematurity are as follows: extremely long periods of absent breathing, unnatural blue coloring of a human body, and considerable decrease in the heart rate (CDC, 2015). Such effective newborn screening tests as physical examination of a child as well as blood tests and detailed apnea studies are used to diagnose this health defect among newborn children (CDC, 2015). Thalassemia is in list of dangerous blood disorders usually transmitted with the help of genes. This disease is characterized by insufficient amounts of red blood cells as well as decreased hemoglobin. Consequently, rapid progression of this health defect may result in improper transportation of oxygen to the body. Such common symptoms as iron overload, widened bones, decreased growth rates, and even serious heart problems may assist in diagnosing thalassemia. Finally, the researchers in the field of medical science stress the fact that digestive disorders, defects of nervous system, extremely low birth weight, and neonatal abstinence syndrome are very widespread and health-threatening newborn diseases among infants (CDC, 2015). Cost-Effectiveness and Prevention of Neonatal Diseases Extensive availability, cost-effectiveness, and high quality of genetic screening tests and procedures provide a chance for healthcare providers to save the lives of thousands of newborn children (Public Health Research/Maternal Child Health, 2011). Newborn baby screening is one of the first and, at the same time, the most reliable methods of preventing dangerous neonatal diseases. However, healthcare providers should follow numerous duties in order to ensure reliability of medical screening services. Firstly, it is rather important to emphasize the fact that different screening tests should correspond to the standard requirements and regulations (Public Health Research/Maternal Child Health, 2011). Furthermore, detailed physical examination of children, especially congenital heart disease screening, should be performed in accordance with the HAAD protocol. At the same time, according to the assumptions of psychologists and other healthcare experts, education and training of pare nts play a key role, as they have a right to either give consent or reject screening. Physical examination should be performed with the increased attention and, besides, should involve different parts of a human body, involving functioning of nervous system, face, ear, cardiovascular systems, limbs, and many other hereditary health defects. Health organizations have to monitor and control the quality and accuracy of screening procedures. Benchmarking In general, the majority of countries around the globe, including the USA and the UK, follow the rules and regulations of universal newborn screening programs. High quality of services, education materials, objective as well as well-developed physiological tests, and parental consent should be taken into consideration in every country around the globe (Public Health Research/Maternal Child Health, 2011). In addition, it is extremely important to note that many European, Middle Eastern, and Western countries have implemented strict measures in order to promote the significance of newborn screening. For instance, the National Screening Committee on the territory of the UK claims that newborn screening should be expanded and should include screening tests for several additional health disorders, including homocystinuria and serious urine diseases (CDC, 2015). Taking into account active participation of the USA in screening activities, it is rather important to stress that the National Newborn Screening and Global Resource Center is considered to be the main center on the territory of the USA that promotes newborn screening on international level (CDC, 2015). In addition, NNSGRC has been primarily created to ensure effective consultative services, trainings, and programs to parents and healthcare professionals (CDC, 2015). Thus, active participation of developed countries in the promotion of newborn screening positively impacts the proliferation of modern procedures and tests on regional, national, and global scale (CDC, 2015). As a result, the significance of newborn screening in modern society, the results of statistics in the Middle East and other countries, and the most widespread types of newborn screening tests as well as newborn diseases have been reviewed. Thus, it is possible to infer that the role of newborn screening is enormous, because these tests provide accurate results about serious diseases connected with metabolism, brain functioning, blood disorders, and many other lethal health problems. In general, children should be screened before they leave hospitals. Blood tests, hearing screening procedures, and screening for CCHD are considered to be the most common types of screening procedures that are characterized by such features as simplicity, accuracy, improved health outcomes, and affordability. Numerous factors, including laws in different countries, financial costs of newborn screening tests, frequency of disorders, and availability of effective treatment influence the universal access o f people to newborn screening procedures. However, at the moment, the global community is striving to provide all people with the opportunity to screen approximately 30 specific health conditions, as newborn screening detects serious diseases, estimates possible treatment, and, finally, drastically decreases mortality rates among children.

Case Analysis Part IV Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case Analysis Part IV - Lab Report Example Therefore, nondelivery of the certificate does not intervene in any way with passing the title. The same conclusion has been reached by the Court in the case of Wood Chevrolet Co. v. Bank of the Southeast3, where it was held that: â€Å"†¦non-delivery of a certificate of title at the time of a sale does not prevent the passage of title from the seller to the buyer.... This is true even where a state's certificate of title act provides that no title can be acquired in an automobile until the certificate of title has been issued.†. In conclusion, title to the car passed to Mann at the moment of physical possesion of the car being transferred to him. CHAPTER 17 CASE 3 I believe that in this case, Frank’s Nursery & Crafts, Inc. must be held liable for the damages caused to Young and it should certainly cover the damages caused to the plaintiff. Frank’s Nursery & Crafts, Inc. has certainly breached the contract concluded with Young. Due to the fact that Frankâ₠¬â„¢s Nursery & Crafts, Inc. ... v. Johnson4, the Court held that, in order to avoid the injured party not recovering her losses, â€Å"Ohio law allows a damaged lost volume seller to recover its lost profits from the breached sale in addition to traditional breach of contract damages†, thus applying the lost volume seller theory. According to Goldberg, V.P., â€Å" In cases in which the seller is a retailer, the conclusion is (a) yes, the seller does suffer damages, (b) the damages are the market price of the service of selling the goods, (c) the market price of selling is approximately the gross margin, (d) even though the damages are incurred, full compensation would probably be inefficient, and (e) the law ought to encourage the parties to use nonrefundable deposits as liquidated damages.†5 Therefore, I believe that the Court ought to apply the lost volume seller theory in this case and, thus, reduce Young’s damages to minimum. CHAPTER 18 CASE 6 I strongly believe that the Benfers did have c ause of action against the retailer – Thomas, along with the manufacturer - Town & Country Mobile Homes, Inc. Thomas was the one who actually convinced the Benfers, by showing them a model mobile home, that the mobile home had the one-quarter-inch sheathing on the siding that made it better than cheaper units, by this intentionally misleading the couple and creating for them a misrepresentation on the product they were about to purchase. Moreover, Thomas, by knowingly proposing the Benfers a more expensive unit, which supposedly had the sheathing desired by the potential buyers, actually lied to them, by taking the price for a more expensive product and offering them a cheaper one. Moreover, by delivering to the purchasers the written warranty, which stated that the mobile home had the

Economic class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economic class - Essay Example The models fitted well into the turnarain framework while the attention [paid to the link between market forces and institutional development made a richer discussion. The emphasis on foreign and external demand sources to trigger growth has much more appeal that those explanations that are based upon supply forces and that seem to lack a starting mechanism. Regional specialization and possibilities for inter-regional trade in the antebellum Unites States have intrigued economists and historians alike. The works of Douglass C. North have stimulated a lot of research on the location and the growth of industries and populations. The issue of economics of slavery complemented the study of regional development. Discussion revolves around Southern development, both in the agricultural and manufacturing sector, with particular attention being paid to the question to which the south was successful or could have been successful in feeding itself as well as producing staples for export. The e vidence collected by various researchers indicated that the south was largely independent of the western food supplies (Herbst Lawarence 1975, 264-270). The basic model used by North bares resemblance to that by Innis as the "staple

Surviving Super Bowl Sunday Parties with Diabetes

Surviving Super Bowl Sunday Parties with Diabetes Surviving Super Bowl Sunday: 10 Important Tips for Diabetic NFL Fans Just a few more days until the much-awaited Super Bowl and your diabetic self has been receiving invitations left and right to Super Bowl parties, if you haven’t been giving them away yourself. Well, let me pitch you a straight one here (that was quite possibly the wrong sport): those parties are a nightmare for your blood sugar. The best tip, of course, is not to go at all. If you’re really not interested and/or is just using the â€Å"but everyone will be there† excuse, just don’t go. Nobody’s going to burn you at the stake for it and you’ll save yourself from the calories. Unfortunately, if you’re a true fan or if you’ve turned watching the Super Bowl to some sort of tradition, not attending is almost synonymous to sacrilege. This article is aimed at giving tips to help out those diabetics out there who intend to go to one or two Super Bowl parties, no matter their reason. What can I eat? Super Bowls parties are known for their high-strung screaming and emphatic arm gestures aimed at football players who can’t see them. In order to prepare for all this work, party planners serve a lot of sugar in many forms, be they in the guise of drinks or actual food. It’s not exactly a paradise for diabetics. My tip? If you’re planning the party yourself, do not forget the healthy snacks. Don’t be scared of people thinking you’re lame for serving them. The Super Bowl is one fun-filled night, it’s not exactly worth getting blood-sugar complications over. If the list of your guests has a few true friends, they’ll understand. If you’re attending a party, however, the tip basically is to make healthy choices you’ll actually enjoy. Basically, Less carbs, more protein. If you want to go for meats, make sure that they are either roasted, grilled, seared, or broiled. Dip you can have a small spoonful of or, if you can, none at all. Make this your motto for the night: â€Å"If you don’t like it, don’t eat it.† Okay, so if I don’t like it what am I suppose to do with it? Well, you could not touch it at all? Or if you’ve already placed it on your plate, just don’t eat it. Remember, your mother is not there to tell you to finish everything on your plate. If she is, well, sucks for you, man. Of course, it’s not good to waste food. Just never fill your plate completely with food and manage your portions well. If you accidentally put too much, ask someone else to finish the food for you. Ask your mother. Anything specific I should avoid? The bread and the rolls, definitely. Not only are they usually full of calories, they don’t even taste that good by themselves. For them to actually taste like anything, you have to go and smear more calories on top. If you’re planning to eat calories, save the space for some that actually taste like something. In general, do not pick up foods that you know are filled with calories if you also know they’re not worth it. Anything I shouldn’t forget at home? Well, don’t just bring your Super Bowl spirit with you. Bring your prescription medicine! Never leave your home without your med for anything! Do so and your diabetes might just get a touchdown on you. Another thing you shouldn’t leave home without doing is eating. Yes, eat at home even if you’re going to a food-packed Super Bowl party. Please do not forget that the food that party will be packed with is probably full of sugar and if you’re hungry by the time you reach the aforementioned party well, let’s just say good luck to your blood sugar. The last tip for this portion would be to pack your own food as there is a huge chance that, that party you’re going to will not have even a pinch of healthy in it. No, that is not lame. Do not be afraid to be that kid who packed lunch for school, even though everyone else was buying food from the cafeteria. That kid was smart, and he or she saved money by not buying those over-priced, rarely good cafeteria foods. In this case, you wouldn’t be saving money, but you’d be saving your life and that is pretty cool, if I do say so myself. How should I eat? My tip here is to eat slowly. You are not racing against time. You have the whole night and you don’t have to eat everything on your plate all at once. Try to just eat a small amount per quarter. Remember that the body is rather slow when it comes to realization. It takes some time for it to understand that it’s full. If you eat too quickly, you’re going to eat way over your limit. Eating slowly would also help you avoid sudden spikes to your blood-sugar. What if the calories are unavoidable? How do I deal with them? If consuming calories are really unavoidable, then my tip would be to eat them, don’t drink them. Calorie-rich drinks are too quick to transform to blood sugar and can be a real problem for diabetics. Eating calories would give more delay to the transformation, helping you avoid sudden spikes to your blood-sugar. Speaking of drinking, um how should I deal with that? Alcoholic drinks are sort of a given at parties like the ones at Super Bowl Sundays. Unfortunately, they’re not exactly a diabetic’s best friend so just don’t go. That was a joke. Down a large glass of water after every drink of alcohol, that is my tip for you. Doing so will keep you hydrated. It will also make you pee a lot, so you can flush out the junk in your system as soon as they come in. Drinking water between alcohol can also keep you from getting full-on drunk and revealing all your dark and dirty secrets while your favorite team muscle their way through for a touchdown. Don’t worry, the only way to fully get rid of the alcohol in your system would be to take a good night’s rest. This tip will still allow you to keep that laugh-inducing buzz running around your head. Anything else I should do? You know, other than to constantly walk between the TV and the water dispenser? Yes, walk around in general. It is an undisputed fact that exercise is good for diabetics, and actually for anyone alive who intends to live long enough to meet their grandchildren. Exercising and enjoying the Super Bowl all at once is not impossible. Just get up during commercial breaks and simply walk around. If you’re up for it, really get into the football fever and challenge a few friends to a game or two in the backyard. So I really can’t eat any of the good stuff? Seeing as it’s a special occasion, I suppose it can be allowed, but only in very small portions. Like if it’s cake we’re talking about, just take a slice and no more. If you realize after a few bites that it’s not really as good as you imagined it to be, go ask someone else to eat it for you so you won’t be so wasteful. Anything else I shouldn’t forget to do? Do not forget to monitor your blood-sugar regularly. Even if you think you’re handling yourself well, you could be wrong, and it is always better to be safe than sorry. Being diabetic and enjoying Super Bowl Sundays are two things that have never been easy to manage together, hence youre researching and discovering these tips. But really, you could get away with anything if you just manage your food well. Or, if you have an intention of getting drunk out of your mind, at least task someone else to do the managing and the checking for you. I advise that you do not task your mother. Oh, and one last tip: enjoy the Super Bowl. You’re working this hard to manage your diabetes for it so you might as well enjoy it.

Lifelong Learning Essay

It is important for educators to understand special education and how the diagnosis of developmental disabilities, early intervention, educational programs, services for young learners, transitional programs, strengths and weaknesses in assessments and interventions affects their students and classroom environment, while also being able to offer suggestions for student improvement and expected performance. People learn for a lifetime so special education needs to start as early as possible for all children that need it and continue on through their high school years. The learning process is not just about academic learning for special education students, but is also about learning social, emotional, and self-care skills. There is much to learn and it all begins with diagnosis. Diagnosis of Developmental Disabilities Developmental monitoring occurs from the time a child is born through well-child visits with a health professional. There are five areas of development that can be affected and these are what health professional are monitoring: â€Å"cognitive development, physical development (including vision and hearing), communication development, social or emotional development, and adaptive development (Overview of Early Intervention, 2012)†. If any problems are noticed during monitoring, then the child is further assessed through developmental screening. Screening allows health professionals to monitor a child’s progress more closely and determine how their development relates to the general population of children at the same developmental stages. The hope with all well-child visits to prove a child is in perfect physical, mental, and emotional health and if they are not, then the process helps parents and health professional to intervene early. Early Intervention â€Å"Early intervention is a system of services that helps babies and toddlers with developmental delays or disabilities (Overview of Early Intervention, 2012)†, which has been proven to significantly improve a child’s chances of success in all developmental areas. For children with developmental delay of disabilities, early intervention can help them develop their physical, cognitive, communication, social, and self-care skills extensively. There are many services that can help develop these skills, such as speech therapies, assistive devices, physical therapies, and many more. Once children reach school age, they may then be placed in special education programs within their selected school system where they will continue the learning process. Educational Programs Once children enter the educational system, IDEA requires schools to provide the necessary tools and support staff to ensure that each student can achieve a free education. This may require something as simple as an assistive device, such as an iPad or computer to use to communicate, or could require more direct assistance, such as an aid to provide one-on-one assistance. Parents, teachers, and other support staff work together to create an IEP for each student. The IEP lays out the plan for each individual student and also includes what that students areas of developmental delay or disability are so schools can appropriately assist the student. Then once the IEP is established, it can then be decided what educational program that the student should be involved in. There are a few different educational programs: 1) strictly special education, which does not include any general education classes, 2) semi-special education, which includes a combination of general and special education classes, and 3) all general education classes, which is intended for those students that require special education, but do not necessarily need to be a part of a special education classroom. Strictly special education situations would be for students that are not capable of actively participating in a general classroom setting. Semi-special education programs are for students that are able to actively participate in a general education classroom, but may only need extra help in certain areas. One example could be in Math and Science, where a student  significantly struggles, but they achieve well in other areas such as Related Arts classes. Some students only need a little help and do well in a general education classroom, but still need to be involved in the special education program in certain facets in order to follow an IEP to ensure their needs are being met and that they are achieving well in school. Services for Young Exceptional Learners Another group of children, often included in the special education program, are those that are gifted, or considered exceptional learners. Although gifted children are often very intelligent, they can struggle with other areas that can affect their education and social development. These students should be offered services to help them reach their true potential. Quite often, gifted students just need focus, which can be achieved through services that help them learn how to develop their skills, interests, and intellectual capacities. (Beckley, 1998) Nurturing students with positive reinforcements, while provided adequate challenge in their stronger areas, can help ensure their ultimate success. It is important to not just throw gifted students into special education because their skills are not seen, but rather to work at understanding the student so that their intellect can blossom and their weaknesses improved or managed. Transitional Programs Children continue through the education program until they complete high school. This can be up through age 22 for some students. At age 16, or before then for some students, IDEA mandates that students begin an Individualized Transition Plan (ITP) as part of their IEP. â€Å"Transition services are intended to prepare students to move from the world of school to the world of adulthood (Transition to Adulthood, 2010).† Just like the IEP, transition service for students must be coordinated between parents, teachers, support staff, and at this age also includes the student. Transition is intended to help students not only achieve academic goals, but also to aid in developing a student’s self-care and independent living skills. In addition, it also aids in determining their interests so that they can interact in their community, begin college or other post high school education, or obtain employment. If transition is successful, then students should be able to adequately a dapt to their new circumstances and  environment after completing high school. Assessments Assessments and interventions can be extremely beneficial to the well-being of a child with developmental delays or disabilities. Assessments by parents, health care professionals, and educators help to identify potential delays or disabilities early so that the child can receive services to help them manage or overcome them. Intervention programs provide the resources necessary for children to receive the services they are entitled to. Unfortunately, assessments and intervention are only as good as the support around the student. Parents must take their child to well-child checks for health professional to be able to identify an issue. Once an issue is determined, intervention can begin and involves parents, educators, healthcare professionals, and other support personnel. It is important for all parties in the support staff to work together and keep in communication about the needs of the child. The support system surrounding a special needs child can be their strongest resource or their weakness. It is up to parents to ensure that their child is getting the best treatments and services available to meet their needs and ensure their child’s success. Improvement Suggestions Improvements in assessment and intervention begins with parents. Parents need to be thoroughly educated on the needs of their child. Knowledge is power and the more the parents have, then the more they will be equipped to work with the child’s other support personnel. Doctors and teachers needs to help parents understand the needs of their child and how all the various programs and processes can help their child succeed. Improvement stems primarily around a cohesive unit of well-educated or well informed support group surrounding the child. Expected Outcomes As parents, students, educators, and health professionals come together to form a cohesive support group, involving great communication, then the child can benefit by overcoming or improving their delay or disability. As more is learned about developmental disabilities, the brighter the future looks for all those that are challenged by such disabilities. Early intervention and appropriate support gives special needs children the chance to reach their dreams. References Beckley, D. (1998). Gifted and Learning Disabled: Twice Exceptional Students. Retrieved from Neag Center for Gifted Education and Talent Development: http://www.gifted.uconn.edu/nrcgt/newsletter/spring98/sprng984.html Overview of Early Intervention. (2012, December). Retrieved from National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities: http://nichcy.org/babies/overview#what Transition to Adulthood. (2010, September). Retrieved from National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities: http://nichcy.org/schoolage/transitionadult

How to Succeed as a Freelance Translator

How to Succeed as a Freelance Translator Corinne McKay How to Succeed as a Freelance Translator by Corinne McKay ISBN 978-1-4116-9520-7 First Edition  ©2006 by Corinne McKay. All Rights Reserved. Published by Two Rat Press, a division of Translatewrite, Inc. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review, without permission in writing from the author. For information, contact [email  protected] com.Disclaimer: This book is published by Two Rat Press and Translatewrite, Inc. , who acknowledge all trademarks. All information contained in this book is believed to be correct at the time of printing. However, readers are advised to seek professional advice where necessary, as the information in this book is based on the author's experiences. The author of this book is not profes sionally engaged in providing legal, financial or career planning advice. Please send comments or corrections to [email  protected] com. For Dan, Ada and my parents, who sweeten every day. Contents Introduction Acknowledgments 9 15 An overview of the translation business 17 1. 1 What is a translator? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 17 1. 2 What does it take to become a translator? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 18 1. 3 Improving your language skills †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 21 1. 4 A translator's working environment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 22 1. 5 What kinds of work do translators do? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 25 1. 5. 1 Software Localization †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 27 1. 6 Who do translators work for? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 28 1. 6. 1 Working for translation agencies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦. 28 1. 6. 2 Working for direct clients †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 30 1. A bit about interpreting †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 31 1. 8 How do translators set their rates? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 33 1. 9 Professional Associations †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 34 1. 9. 1 American Translators Association †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 34 1. 9. 2 National Association of Judiciary Interpreters and Translators †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 35 1. 9. 3 Translators and Interpreters Guild †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 35 1. 9. 4 American Literary Translators Association 35 1. 9. 5 Federation Internationale des Traducteurs 36 1. 9. 6 International Association of Conference Interpreters †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 1. 10 Certification for Translators †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 36 1. 10. 1 American Translators Association †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 38 1. 10. 2 Federal Court Interpreter Certification Examination Program †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 39 1. 10. 3 State Court Interpreter Certification . . . . 41 5 CONTENTS 2 Starting and Growing your Business 2. 1 Preparing for your job search †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2. 1. 1 The basics of writing a translation resume . 2. 1. 2 A new resume for a new career †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2. 1. 3 The structure of your resume †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2. 1. 4 Your name †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. . 1. 5 Your summary of qualifications . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2. 1. 6 The body of the resume †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2. 1. 7 What about a cover letter? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 43 43 43 44 45 46 47 49 50 2. 2 Finding your first clients †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 51 2. 3 Building up your business †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 56 2. 4 Starting a part-time translation business . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 59 2. 5 Business skills you'll need †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦.. 61 2. 6 Setting up your office and your business †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 63 2. 7 Maximizing productivity †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 2. 8 For working parents †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 67 3 Home office setup 3. 1 Preparing for your home office †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3. 2 The ups and downs of worki ng from home . . . . 3. 3 Necessary office equipment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. 4 Organizing your business †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. 5 Translation home office technology †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. 6 Non-Western character sets †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. 7 Speech recognition software †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. 8 Translation memory software †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 69 9 69 71 73 75 78 79 80 Trados †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 82 3. 8. 1 3. 8. 2 SDLX †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 83 3. 8. 3 Deja Vu †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 83 3. 8. 4 Wordfast †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 83 3. 8. 5 Heartsome †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 83 3. 8. 6 OmegaT †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 84 3. 8. 7 WordFisher †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 84 3. 8. 8 across †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. 84 3. Choosing a computer system †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 85 CONTENTS 7 4 Rates, contracts and terms of service 4. 1 Setting your translation rates †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4. 2 R ate sheets †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4. 3 Contracts or work for hire agreements . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4. 4 Terms of service †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4. 5 Researching your potential clients †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4. 6 Standard payment terms and methods †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4. 7 Setting the stage for payment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4. When things don't go as planned †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4. 8. 1 Arbitration and dispute resolution †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4. 9 Cash flow issues †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 S etting up your business for growth 5. 1 Incorporating and planning for taxes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5. 1. 1 Corporate Entities †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5. 1. 2 Tax planning †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5. 2 Key Questions Before the Project Starts †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5. 3 How to Raise Your Rates †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5. 4 Ten ways to please a translation client †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Resources Glossary Index 87 87 91 92 95 99 101 102 104 108 109 111 112 114 115 117 120 121 125 133 139 Introduction I decided to write this book because I love my job, and because so few bilingual people are aware of the high demand for qualified translators and interpreters, or of the lifestyle benefits of being a language entrepreneur. In 2002, I was looking for a new career after eight years as a high school French teacher, and hoping to find a work-from-home job using my language skills. I thought back to a translation internship that I had done in college, and remembered how much I had enjoyed it.At the time, I had almost no knowledge of the translation industry nor any job contacts, so I started out by calling every company listed under Translators and Interpreters in the local yellow pages. Over the next few months I became involved with my local translators association, the American Translators Association (ATA), and began getting some calls for translation work. A year and some 400 resumes later, I passed the ATA certification exam in French to English translation, and my business continued to grow, while still allowing me to work from home on a flexible schedule, earning a healthy income and spending lenty of time with my family. Although I spent most of that first year marketing my fledgling business, the effort paid off; after three years as a freelance translator I earned my highest gross income ever (including when I worked full-time as a teacher) while working 20-30 hours a week from home. I developed specializations in legal, financial and marketing translation, edited my local translators association newsletter, presented seminars at the annual conference of the American Translators Association and often found myself exclaiming, â€Å"This is so interesting! while working on a translation—in short, I had found my niche. At the same time, the path from that day with the phone book to the day I told a client, â€Å"Sorry, I'm booked for the next two weeks† 9 10 INTRODUCTION was harder than it had to be, because there is a real shortage of training materials on how to run a translation business. Most translators enter the field because they love languages and writing, not because they love marketing and bookkeeping, but many translators' businesses fail because the y lack basic business skills.If you'd like to succeed as a freelance translator, it's definitely important to pursue training in translation techniques, translation software, and other tools of the trade, but these types of courses are easier to locate. Part of the reason I decided to write this book was because, having never run my own business before, I struggled so much with these basic business questions: how and where to find prospective clients, how to pursue translator certification, how to decide whether expensive computer software would help my business, how to set my translation rates, and so on.This book is based on the article Getting Started as a Freelance Translator, which first appeared on my website and was picked up by several translation websites. Later, I expanded that article into an online course that has continued to be very popular with aspiring translators. Following the success of the course, I realized that there must be many more people out there wondering how to use their language skills to break into the translation industry, and the idea for this book was born. The good news about translation If you're considering a career as a translator, there's a lot to look forward to.Given the global reach of businesses in the 21 st century, translators are employed in almost every conceivable business sector, from banking to museums to health care to high-tech. If you have a special skill or interest in addition to being bilingual, you're almost sure to find clients who will pay for your services, and you'll get to work on materials that interest you. Overall, the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics http://bls. gov projects that job prospects for translators and interpreters will increase faster than the average until at least 2014.Translators are usually well paid for their work, with the most recent compensation survey by the American Translators Association reporting 11 that the average self-employed full-time translator earns over $ 50,000 per year. Most translators, even if they work 40 hours a week or more, live a very self-directed lifestyle and can tailor their work day around other interests or commitments such as families. The good news about virtual work In publicizing their work-from-home newsletter The Rat Race Rebellion, the e-entrepreneurship specialists Staffcentrix http: //staffcentrix. om estimate that â€Å"There is a 30 to 1 scam ratio among home-based work ‘opportunities. ‘ † Although there are definitely some unscrupulous translation clients out there, translation itself is a great example of a legitimate work-fromhome opportunity. The vast majority of translators in the U. S. work from home, so translation agencies are used to this business model, and don't think it's odd to employ translators who work from home. Home work has a lot of advantages for you as the home worker, and for your community as a whole.By working from home, you'll probably experience greater job satisf action and less stress, since a relatively minor disruption like a dentist appointment or furnace repair won't derail your entire work day. Most of the time, you'll be able to structure your work day around your peak energy times and your family's needs, rather than your employer's policies. Your commute will be as long as it takes you to walk from your bedroom to your office and fire up the computer while still in your pajamas. Not surprisingly, most home workers experience a greatly improved quality of life.Likewise, working from home often has a very positive effect on your community and the world as a whole. Less commuting means less traffic congestion, less fuel usage and less need for parking areas. Home-based workers are around during the day, allowing them to volunteer for school and community activities and to be available for their families. A study by the International Telework Association and Council (ITAC) found that home-based workers are absent from work less than hal f as often as officebased workers, leading to greater work productivity in general. 12 INTRODUCTIONIs freelance translation for you? Despite all of these positive reports, it's very important to do some realistic self-assessment to determine if a career as a freelance translator is for you. Translators need a lot of skills besides fluency in at least two languages; translators need to be excellent writers in their native language and need to be interested in and skilled at terminology research using both paper dictionaries and the Internet. Translators also need to be avid readers in their native and non-native languages in order to keep up their language skills and their knowledge of world events.Equally important, and the subject that we'll focus on in this book, is a translator's ability to run a business. When you work full-time for an employer, you have one job title. When you work for yourself, you're not only the translator, but also the department head for sales and marketin g, technical support, customer relations, accounting and facilities maintenance. Unless you're willing and able to pay someone to do these tasks for you, you'll be doing them yourself, in addition to your regular job. Before you launch yourself into a ranslation career, it's important to ask yourself a few questions. Are you the type of person who is often described as highly motivated, driven, a go-getter; or do you have trouble following through on a plan once the exciting idea stage is over? Are you consistently able to meet deadlines with almost no supervision or direction, or do you head off to shopping websites as soon as the boss disappears? Do you have the multi-tasking skills necessary to manage multiple clients and deadlines at once, or does this type of work leave you feeling overwhelmed and wondering where to start?In addition, it's important to factor in a start-up period of at least six months to a year when launching your freelance business. Of course this is just an estimate, and the length of everyone's startup period will vary, but for translators who work in a relatively common language pair (for example French, Italian, German, Spanish or Portuguese paired with English), it's best to budget on at least six months of doing a lot of marketing and working less than full-time. For some people, for example parents 13 f small children or full-time students who are looking for some supplemental income, the spotty cash flow of a startup period may not be a huge concern. If you're planning on translation as your full-time income, you'll need to either continue your current employment while your translation business gets up to speed, or plan on living off your savings or a loan during this time. It can help to focus on the fact that with a consistent and reasonably aggressive marketing effort, you'll have years to enjoy your freelance lifestyle and income after your startup phase ends.So to all of you out there wondering, â€Å"What exactly does som eone with a degree in foreign languages do for a living? ,† I wish you happy reading, and hopefully, happy translating! Acknowledgments Very few books are truly solo endeavors, and this book is no exception. Special thanks go to the people who lent their enthusiasm to this project when it was just an idea to toss around over coffee or e-mail: Eve Lindemuth Bodeux, Beth Hayden, Thomas Hedden, Bruce McKay, LaNelle McKay and KarenMitchell for their insights and encouragement, and the students in the first two sessions of my course, Getting Started as a Freelance Translator for their excellent feedback on the course materials that this book is based on. My colleagues in the Colorado Translators Association, the American Translators Association and Boulder Media Women, and the readers of my e-newsletter Open Source Update are an ongoing source of knowledge and inspiration that every translator and writer should be so fortunate as to have. And Dan Urist†¦ where to start†¦ pent more hours than a recovering computer systems administrator should have to on the layout, design and editing of this book, learning at least two new pieces of software in the process and lovingly hounding me until the last word was written. 15 1 An overview of the translation business 1. 1 What is a translator? In a nutshell, a translator is a human being who changes written words from one language to another. If this sounds obvious, take another look! First, it's important to note that although computers play an important role in translation, professional translators are humans, not computers.Second, a translator works with written words, unlike an interpreter, who works with spoken words. If you're new to the industry, you've learned something important right here; that the phrase â€Å"speaking through a translator,† contradicts itself, since translators work in writing. While some people work as both translators and interpreters, most concentrate on one or the other. Translators are also, by definition, fluent in more than one language. In the industry, these are referred to as the source, or â€Å"from† language(s), and the target, or â€Å"into† language, which is almost always the translator's native language.So for example, a translator who is a native English speaker and learned Portuguese and Spanish might translate from Spanish and Portuguese into English. If you work in the most common language pairs, such as English paired with French, Italian, German or Spanish (known as FIGS in the translation industry), chances are that you will never translate into your second or third language. If you work in a less common language pair, you might find yourself as the exception to this rule.A client might need a document translated from Thai into English, a job that would usually be handled by a native English speaker who has Thai as a second or third language. However in practice, it's often easier to find a native Thai (or 17 18 AN OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSLATION BUSINESS Lingala, Malayalam, Fulani, etc) speaker who has English as a second language since there are many more native Thai speakers who also speak English than the other way around. In this case, the job might be handled by a native Thai speaker, and then proofread by a native English speaker.In the United States, most translators work from one or two source languages; it's extremely common for translators to have only one working language pair, like Spanish into English, or Japanese into English. In other areas of the world where foreign languages are more widely studied, most translators work from at least two source languages, and often many more. It's not at all unusual to find Europe-based translators who work, for example, from English, Spanish and French into German, or from Norwegian, Swedish and English into Danish. 1. What does it take to become a translator? Being multilingual isn't the only skill a translator needs, but it's certainly the m ost important. Translators learn their languages in many different ways; many grew up in bilingual households or countries, some learned their second or third language in school and then pursued experience abroad, some took intensive language courses or worked in a foreign country for several years, and it is also quite common for translators to become freelancers after working as military or government linguists.Almost all translators working in the U. S. have at least a Bachelor's Degree, although not necessarily in translation. As a rule, most professional translators have at least some experience working and/or living in a country where their source language or languages are spoken; many translators lived and worked in their source language country for many years, or pursued higher education in their source language(s).In-country experience is a big asset for a translator, since translation work involves knowing not just the structure of the language to be translated, but the cu ltural framework that surrounds it. This isn't to say that classroom study doesn't produce excellent translators, but it's important to realize WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO BECOME A TRANSLATOR? 19 at the outset that to be a successful professional translator, you need near-native proficiency in your source language(s); if you're starting from scratch, a few semesters of part-time language class won't be enough.As a point of reference, the U. S. Government's Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center offers a program to teach Middle Eastern languages to government employees, and the basic program involves 63 weeks of full-time study. Many people wonder how to tell if their language skills are good enough to work as a translator. While there are various language testing services that can tell you where you stand, probably the easiest way to get a feel for your translation readiness is to translate something.Go on the web and find a legal document, newspaper article or press release in your source language, then try to translate it. As we'll discuss later, professional translators make constant use of reference materials such as print and online dictionaries, terminology databases, etc. , so when you look at your practice document, don't assume that you should be able to whip out a perfect translation on the spot. The key points are: can you understand this document on both a word-for-word and a conceptual level, and can you convey its meaning in your target language?Translators today work in almost every conceivable language pair; while the market in the United States has historically been very strong in Western European languages such as French, German, Italian and Spanish, there is an increasing (and increasingly lucrative) market for translation in Asian and Middle Eastern Languages like Hindi, Gujarati, Urdu, Thai, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Arabic, Farsi, Pashto and Kurdish; Central and Eastern European languages like Serbian, Czech, Slovene and Macedonian; as well as the â€Å"languages of smaller iffusion† like Nepali, Hebrew or Somali. In most language pairs, the amount of work available is proportionate to the number of translators in the language. While there is obviously a great deal of English to Spanish translation work in the U. S. , there is a correspondingly large number of translators in this language combination; and while there may not be a great deal of work in Indonesian to English, there 20 AN OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSLATION BUSINESS re also not many translators in this combination, resulting in a correspondingly small amount of competition for work. In addition to near-native source language proficiency, translators need other skills too; probably the most important are excellent writing skills in their target language, in-depth knowledge in one or more areas of specialization, and business management skills. Some would-be translators are in practice not very successful because they have weak writing skills in the ir target language, making their translations difficult or unpleasant to read.Highly specialized translators are among the highest-earning members of the profession; for example a bilingual intellectual property attorney, stock broker or biomedical engineer may earn many times the per-word rate of a â€Å"jack of all trades† translator with a B. A. in German. Some translators turn a previous career into an area of specialization, while others take additional courses in areas of specialization or learn specialized terminology from more experienced translators.Paradoxically, specializing can also lead to more work, not less, as the specialized translator becomes known as the go-to person in his or her area of expertise, whether it's environmental engineering, textile manufacturing or stage sets. The translation industry in the United States is moving more and more toward an independent contractor model, where the vast majority of translators are self-employed and work for a var iety of clients; in 2005, approximately 70% of the members of the American Translators Association were self-employed independent contractors.As such, translators need business management skills such as the ability to find and retain clients, work on tight deadlines with little supervision or management, handle increases and decreases in work flow and cash flow and perform tasks such as bookkeeping, tax planning and computer upkeep and maintenance. In fact, most self-employed translators spend 25-50% of their time on non-translation work, largely involving management of the day to day tasks of running a business, so these skills are just as important as translation-related skills in succeeding as a freelance translator.IMPROVING YOUR LANGUAGE SKILLS 21 1. 3 Improving your language skills If you'd like to work as a translator but your language skills are not yet up to par, you have a few options. The best, but most difficult, is immersion: living and working or going to school in a c ountry where your source language is spoken. If you want to improve your French, without a doubt the fastest way to do it is to move to a French-speaking country for a year, work or go to school with native French speakers, and speak only French while you're there.If this isn't possible for you, university programs in translation and interpretation do exist in the U. S. , although they are much less common than in other countries. However, nearly all medium or large colleges and universities will offer advanced courses in the more widely spoken foreign languages. The American Translators Association http : //atanet . org sells several publications listing translating and interpreting programs, and also has a mentoring program for its members, although the program is geared toward professional, not linguistic, development.If you're trying to improve your language skills, be realistic; although it's certainly far from impossible to learn a new language at age 30, 50 or 70, it's also n ot going to happen with a few semesters of night classes. If you're starting from a beginner level or close to it, two to three years of intensive language study in a college-level program is probably a bare minimum. However, if you have a solid foundation in a second or third language, for instance you studied it in school for 10 years including several trips to a country where the language is spoken, you might be ready to start translating right away.As mentioned before, simply knowing more than one language isn't enough to guarantee your success as a translator. While requirements for different translation jobs vary, nearly all translators have at least a Bachelor's degree, and often more education than this. If you would eventually like to earn certification from the American Translators Association, you'll need either a Master's degree or higher, or several years of work experience as a translator. The rapid expansion of the translation industry, flexible work possibilities and high earning potential have made freelance 2 AN OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSLATION BUSINESS translation an attractive career for bilingual lawyers, accountants, doctors and scientific professionals, and many translators feel that specialization is extremely important to their success. This is especially true as the Internet has opened up work opportunities for translators who live in countries where the cost of living is relatively low, and where educated professionals may be able to make more money by working as translators over the Internet than by practicing in the professions they were trained for. 1. A translator's working environment The translation industry in the United States is moving more and more toward the independent contractor model. In the past, many large companies and even many translation agencies had staffs of in-house translators, but these jobs are now few and far between, and when they do exist would rarely be given to a beginner. In contrast to other professions wh ere newcomers are expected to pay their dues as in-house employees and then enjoy the â€Å"reward† of freelancing, the translation industry usually works in the opposite way.Most translators start out as freelancers and may even remain self-employed for their whole careers, while most wellpaid in-house translators are hired with years or even decades of experience. It's important to be realistic about whether the life of a freelancer is for you. While you'll have a great degree of control over where, when and how much you work, you'll also give up the security of a steady paycheck, benefits, paid time off, and a pension or employer-sponsored 401K. Most freelance translators in the U.S. work from a home office, and there is no stigma attached to working from home; translators who rent office space outside the home are definitely the exception rather than the rule. The vast majority of a translator's work is done on the computer, using either a word processing program or text editor, and possibly a computer-assisted translation program. Translators make extensive use of reference materials such as print and online dictionaries, terminology databases, and discussion with other translators.The almost constant use of a computer A TRANSLATOR'S WORKING ENVIRONMENT 23 makes repetitive strain injury one of the few work-related injuries that translators are at risk for. There are many positive sides to a translator's work environment. Compared to other work-from-home jobs, translation can be very interesting and well-paying. Although you probably won't get lavishly rich working as a freelance translator, translation industry compensation surveys report that the average self-employed freelance translator earns about $52,000 per year.Translators who are highly specialized in technical fields, or work with in-demand language pairs may earn much more than this, and in-house translators for certain branches of the U. S. government or international financial instituti ons may earn $70,000 a year and up. At the same time, it is important to be realistic about the time and effort involved in reaching this level of income.Unless you work in a language pair and/or specialization that is extremely in demand, it may take a year or more to develop a regular client base that will allow you to replace the income from a previous full-time job, and you will probably need to send out several hundred resumes during that time. Before starting your freelance translation business, it's important to determine if you have the financial resources, time and energy to get through the startup period to the point where you are earning a reasonable and steady income.Starting a translation business is a fairly inexpensive proposition. If you already have a home computer and high speed Internet access, you might make do with business cards, computerized fax service and a modest reference library, for a startup cost of only a few hundred dollars. To a large extent, freelan cers can determine when and how much they want to work. While it probably makes good business sense to accept as much work as possible from your regular clients, on a day-to-day basis many translators work on their own schedule rather than from 9 to 5.A translator's eight hour day might run from 7:30-11:30 AM and 4:30-8:30 PM. This flexibility makes translation an excellent career option for people who have young children, are semi-retired, or just want to work part-time. Today, most translation work hap- 24 AN OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSLATION BUSINESS pens remotely, and translators can live almost anywhere. The up and down nature of most freelancers' work loads also lends itself to using free time to take classes, pursue hobbies, travel or spend time with family. On the downside (and of course there are some downsides to all of this! , as with other consulting or freelance work, some aspects of translation can be stressful and difficult to manage. Many translators describe their work as feast or famine, with months of little work and months of working every waking moment and more than a few moments that should be spent sleeping. Worldwide business acceleration has affected translation turnaround times, with agencies eager to have translations returned as soon as possible, sometimes within a few hours for a short project. Clients who pay late or don't pay at all can cause major financial problems, especially for translators who live paycheck to paycheck.Translators who work in common language combinations like SpanishEnglish may face pressure to lower their rates in order to remain competitive, especially if the client can find qualified translators in countries where pay rates are much lower. In addition, working from home has its ups and downs; even for an introvert, the life of the home office can be lonely, and time spent on (unpaid) non-translation work like accounting, marketing and maintaining computer systems can become frustrating when you'd much rather be translating!If you've never worked for yourself before, succeeding as a translator demands a high degree of self-discipline. With no boss in the next cubicle and a list of household errands to finish, it can be hard to focus on your work, and if you have a family or housemates, equally difficult to find a work-friendly time and space in your house. However, most translators enjoy their work and like to talk about what they do and how they got started. The ever-changing nature of the job appeals to many people, since no day â€Å"at the office† is exactly like another.Another positive aspect of the job is that most translation clients value their translators and treat them as professionals who deserve to be fairly paid for their work. Even in the most common language combinations, the supply of qualified and capable (emphasis here! ) translators often cannot WHAT KINDS OF WORK DO TRANSLATORS DO? 25 keep pace with the industry's demand, resulting in a generally positive employ ment picture for translators and interpreters. The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that employment prospects for translators and interpreters should grow faster than the average for all occupations until at least 2014. . 5 What kinds of work do translators do? As cross-cultural and multilingual communication become more important to the worldwide flow of business, translators and interpreters are employed in almost every conceivable business and government sector. From law to health care to finance, entertainment, information technology and advertising, translators and interpreters enable global communication. Some translators, especially those with specialized professional or technical training, might concentrate on only one subject area, such as pharmaceuticals, corporate finance, computer software or legal contracts.There are even translators who specialize in seemingly obscure areas like fisheries management, shopping mall construction, stamps, or groundwater hy drology. Still others position themselves as â€Å"jack of all trades† translators with concentrations in certain areas. In general, the more translators there are in a given language pair, the more specialization is required, and the smaller the translator pool, the less incentive there is to specialize. German to English translators in the U. S. almost certainly have specializations, but the same isn't necessarily true of the few Bosnian to English translators doing business in the same markets.Translators sometimes work in collaboration with other linguists, particularly if the work involves a large project that needs to be translated in a short amount of time. Today, translation teams almost always work together over the Internet, rather than in person. The size of translation projects can vary widely, from a single line of text such as a company slogan, to an entire book or website. Most translators who are self-employed work from project to project, with the average pro ject taking anywhere from 26 AN OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSLATION BUSINESS n hour to several days, and some longer projects mixed in as well. Most translators working in the United States today work on business and technical documents, rather than literature. Although most translators in the U. S. are independent contractors, full-time jobs for translators and interpreters do exist, particularly in areas such as court and health care interpreting, web content translation, software localization, and translating and interpreting for the United States Government's various agencies including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Central Intelligence Agency and National Security Agency.Translators who are experienced and/or qualified to work in more than one language pair may have a greater chance of being offered an in-house position. Literary translators (translators who work on books, poetry or short stories) make up a relatively small segment of translators in the United States. This is bec ause literary translation is typically not very well paid, and because Americans don't tend to read literature in translation, so there is a small market for the work of literary translators; in 2004, only 891 of the 195,000 new books printed inEnglish were adult literature in translation. If you translate into a language other than English, there may be a larger market for literary translation services, especially if you are qualified to work on textbooks, technical manuals, and other â€Å"non-literary† book projects. Localization translators are a rapidly growing group in the industry. Localization, or the complete adaptation of a product such as a web site, product marketing kit, software program or advertising campaign into another language, used to be confined mostly to computer software.Now, software localization is probably the largest segment of the localization market, but it's certainly not the only segment. Businesses may hire localization agencies when they want to take a new product global and need culturally-targeted marketing advice in addition to translation services. WHAT KINDS OF WORK DO TRANSLATORS DO? 1. 5. 1 Software Localization 27 A sub-specialty within the translation and localization industry is software localization, the process of translating software user interfaces from one language to another.For example, when a large software company produces multilingual versions of its applications, every piece of text displayed by the software must be translated into the target language, and in many cases the graphics must be altered as well. Software localization involves both bilingual software developers and document translators specialized in information technology, since the software's user interface, help files, readme files, screen shots and incidental files (such as warranty information and packaging) must all be translated.Software localization is an enormous industry in its own right, largely because computer users throughout the world now expect their software to be in their own language, and will naturally be more interested in purchasing software or visiting websites that they can access in their own language. Therefore, the software localization industry is a source of a large amount of work for bilingual software developers and for translators, and is currently one of the fastest-growing sectors within the translation industry as a whole. In addition, localization breeds localization; a localized web browser utomatically creates a need for localized websites; a localized piece of software demands a localized manual to go with it. Two useful resources for localization professionals are the Globalization and Localization Association. http: //www. gala-global . org and the Localization Industry Standards Association http: //www. lisa. org. Software localization is often completed using different tools than those that are used for document translation; some computer-assisted translation tools can cross over between these two types of translation, and some cannot.So, it is important to investigate what tools will be required if you would like to look for software localization work. 28 AN OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSLATION BUSINESS 1. 6 Who do translators work for? 1. 6. 1 Working for translation agencies For a freelance translator, there are typically two types of clients: translation agencies and direct clients. First, let's look at how translators work through agencies. A translation agency, which may also refer to itself as a localization agency, translation company, or translation bureau, has its own roster of clients and sub-contracts their translation work to individual freelance translators.The agency handles the project management end of things, interacts directly with the translation client and (hopefully) pays the translator and deals with any collections issues. Ideally, the translation agency should pay its freelance translators when their invoices come due (normally 30 days after the agency accepts the translation) whether the agency itself has been paid by the end client or not. A translation agency is not an employment agency, and there is no fee involved for a translator to register with an agency.However, an agency normally cannot guarantee a steady flow of work to any one translator, and will normally pay the translator a good deal less than the per-word rate that the agency is charging the client, in many cases up to 50% less. Freelance translators are often required to sign a confidentiality and non-competition agreement which states that they may not work directly for any of the agency's clients for some period of time, or may not disclose who the agency's clients are, or the nature of the assignments that they work on.Like translators themselves, translation agencies can be either very general, â€Å"all languages, all subjects,† or highly specialized, for instance translating only for the medical industry, or only translating between E nglish and Korean. In the uncertain world of freelancing, translation agencies provide some measure of job security. When you work for an agency, you don't normally have to communicate with the end client directly, and in many cases the agency may even forbid you from contacting the end client. Instead, you translate the documents that the agency sends you, which means that you spend your timeWHO DO TRANSLATORS WORK FOR? 29 working instead of managing the project and handling the client's questions. Also, an agency that becomes a regular client may be able to provide you with steady work, and will often pay you even if the client is late in paying them. A good agency project manager understands the nature of translation work, and asks the client in advance to clarify potential questions, for example should currency amounts in Euros be converted to dollars, saving the contract translators a great deal of time. Many of the best agency project managers are or have been translators them selves.Agencies also provide some amount of â€Å"disaster insurance† in the event that you get sick in the middle of the project, suddenly find yourself in over your head on a very technical document, or another type of unforeseen event. If something like this happens, the agency can often find a replacement translator or editor to step in, which is a responsibility that falls upon the translator if an agency is not involved. In exchange for the services the agency provides, you will give up some freedom. The agencies you work for may have fixed pay rates, or may ask you to reduce your rates to stay competitive with other translators.When an agency becomes a regular client, you want to keep them happy, so it will be hard to say â€Å"No! † when they call you on Friday afternoon with a big project due Monday, disrupting your planned ski trip or home improvement project. Also, agencies vary in quality. While a good agency can effectively hand you work on a platter and d eal with all problems that come up between them and the end client, in practice this doesn't always happen. An agency may claim (rightly or wrongly) that you did a substandard job on a project for them, and then ask for or just go ahead and take a â€Å"discount† on the payment you agreed on.Or, an agency may not have much cash in reserve, and might not be able to pay you if the end client doesn't pay them. Agencies also have their own set payment terms, and in most cases the terms aren't negotiable. For example, agencies in the U. S. generally pay within 30 days from the date of the invoice (referred to as Net 30), or 30 days from the end of the month (30 Days EOM), while agencies in Europe take longer to pay, sometimes as long as 60 days from the end of the month or 30 AN OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSLATION BUSINESS 0 days from the date of the invoice. 1. 6. 2 Working for direct clients The other main option for a freelancer is to work for direct clients, meaning working directly f or translation customers without a â€Å"middleman† involved. A direct client might be a shoe manufacturer in Sweden that wants to market its products in the U. S. , a patent law firm in Japan, a university in the U. S. with non-English speaking visitors, or an individual who wants her high school diploma translated into French so that she can study abroad.The income potential of working for direct clients is attractive; in many cases double the income of working for an agency. Direct clients may also be able to provide large volumes of work if their turnaround time allows for it. Whereas a translation agency will often split a large project between several translators to get it done faster, a direct client might be willing to let you translate their entire 50,000 word annual report, resulting in more income and less administrative overhead for you; or they might be willing to let you act as a â€Å"mini-agency,† subcontracting work to ther translators you know and kee ping a percentage for yourself. With a direct client the translator is often more in control of the payment terms involved; for example, the translator might be able to request payment in advance for certain services, an option that almost never exists when working through a translation agency. There are some disadvantages in working for direct clients as well. When you work through an agency, it's the project manager's job to explain the ins and outs of the translation process to the client.If the client doesn't know what source and target language mean, or the difference between traditional and simplified Chinese, or whether they want the company's name in all capital letters throughout the document, it's the agency's responsibility to deal with this, not yours. When you work for a direct client, for better or worse there's no one between you and the client. In cases involving a small project such as a birth certificate translation, it might take more time to explain the process t o the client than it does to complete the translation.If the client has an unrealistic A BIT ABOUT INTERPRETING 31 deadline, keeps changing his/her mind about the project specifications, or wants additional services such as desktop publishing, it's up to you as the translator to deal with it. If the direct client doesn't pay, there's no one else to lean on for the money—you simply have to handle it yourself, or hire a collection agency if things turn really sour. All of these aspects are worth considering before you decide whether to work through agencies or for direct clients.Somewhere between an agency and a direct client is a small but growing group of freelance project managers. These individuals function somewhat like one-person translation agencies, and may be handling outsourced translation for a larger corporation. This style of business combines some of the advantages and disadvantages of the agency /direct client model. Probably the most significant item to discuss up front is what happens if the end client doesn't pay or is late in paying the project manager who hires you, since unlike a large translation agency, this ndividual probably doesn't have the cash reserves to cover a large bill that goes unpaid. 1. 7 A bit about interpreting As you explore a career in translation, it's worth considering whether you would like to focus your business exclusively on translation, or include interpreting in your range of services. Like translation, the market for interpreting depends largely on your language pair(s), and unless you do over the phone interpreting, is more location-dependent than translation since you need to be in the same place as your clients.Interpreting has several â€Å"modes,† the primary ones being simultaneous, where the interpreter talks at the same time as the speaker; consecutive, where the interpreter listens to the speaker and takes notes, then interprets what the speaker said; and sight translation, where the interpr eter reads a written document in another language, for example taking a court document in English and reading it to a defendant in Spanish. Simultaneous interpret- 32AN OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSLATION BUSINESS ing is probably the most common mode, since it is used at the United Nations, in court, and in various other conference-type settings. Interpreting demands very different skills than translation. While translators are stereotypically detail-oriented introverts who don't mind spending an hour finding the perfect translation for a word, interpreters must be able to think on their feet and work with little or no advance preparation.Translators most often work alone at home, while interpreters are often literally in the spotlight, standing next to a court witness, hospital patient or head of state and communicating for him or her. Until the advent of conference calling, interpreters had to be in the same place as their clients, and court and conference interpreting is still heavily de pendent on on-site interpreters. However, over-the-phone interpreting is becoming more popular, especially in areas where it's hard to find on-site interpreters.Many translation agencies also schedule interpreters, and courts, hospitals and schools may employ in-house interpreters. One major difference between interpreting and translation is that interpreters often work in both â€Å"directions† of their language pair, so must be highly proficient in speaking their non-native language; many high-level conference interpreters consider themselves to have two native languages, rather than one native language and one or more second languages. Interpreters are paid by the hour or by the day, and pay varies widely. In some areas of the U. S. English4-6panish court interpreters might make less than $15 an hour, while conference interpreters who are members of the elite AIIC (International Association of Conference Interpreters) might make close to $500 a day. If you are interested i n interpreting, one excellent way to assess your skills is to go spend a day as an observer in court. Most courts in the U. S. are open to the public, and you can sit in the viewing area and try to interpret as the proceedings go along; better yet take a notebook and make a list of words and expressions that you need to research.The major employers of interpreters in the U. S. are courts, health care settings and schools, so these are all good places to focus on if you would like to explore interpreting. HOW DO TRANSLATORS SET THEIR RATES? 33 1. 8 How do translators set their rates? Translators are generally paid by the word, with some variation in whether the word count is based on the source or target language, for a single word (most common in the U. S. ) or per thousand words (most common in the U. K. ), although payment is sometimes made by the line as well, with a line being comprised of a certain number of characters.For projects where charging by the word would result in a r idiculously low payment, for example translating an advertising slogan, translators are often paid by the hour. Translations of official documents such as birth certificates may be billed by the page. Many translators have a minimum charge for small projects, for example a flat fee for projects up to 250 words. It's also common for translators to add a premium for a rush project, or to offer a discount for a large project or ongoing work. The actual per-word rate depends on your language c)oamndbispe-tlz(),andsowhtyurcliensa willing to pay.Asking â€Å"How much do translators charge? † is like asking, â€Å"How big is a ball of yarn? † The variation in translation rates is enormous; if you visit online translation marketplaces such as Translators Cafe http://translatorscafe. com, or ProZ. com http: //proz . com, you'll see an abundance of translators willing to work for just a few cents a word, while a highly specialized medical, legal or technical translator working f or direct clients might make mid-double digits (cents, not dollars! ) per word.In addition, many translators are reluctant to publish or even discuss their rates for fear of being targeted by antitrust actions. If you work for translation agencies, there may not be much room for negotiation on rates, and â€Å"setting your rates† may be more a matter of finding agencies that are willing to pay what you would like to earn. Agencies will often ask you what your rates are, but just as often the agency already knows what it can or will pay for a typical project in your language combination, and is unlikely to give you work if you charge more than the â€Å"standard† rate.Some agencies will also tell you up front that 34 AN OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSLATION BUSINESS you're welcome to specify your rates, but that the agency prefers to work with translators who charge less than a certain number of cents per word. Still, translation agencies as a group are not usually out to get tra nslators to work for an absolute rock-bottom price, and will usually offer a fair rate for a project. Reputable agencies may even look askance at translation rates that are more than about 10% below the average or standard rate in a certain language combination. 1. Professional Associations for Translators and Interpreters Professional associations are an excellent resource for both beginning and experienced translators and interpreters. At the international, national, and local levels, professional associations allow you to network with colleagues, pursue continuing education workshops and attend conferences related to the field. They also improve your credibility as a linguist. As one agency manager comments, â€Å"If a person is a member of a professional association, it shows that he or she has a network of colleagues to draw on and is willing to invest some time and money in the profession. Especially if translator or interpreter certification isn't offered in your languages, belonging to a professional association shows that you're serious about your work. Following is an overview of professional associations for translators and interpreters working in the United States. 1. 9. 1 American Translators Association The American Translators Association ht t p : //atanet . org is the largest professional association for language professionals in the U. S. , and offers membership to both individual linguists and translation companies.The Association also includes various language or specialization-specific divisions that members can choose to join. Benefits for ATA members include a listing on the ATA website, a subscription to the monthly magazine ATA PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS 35 Chronicle, reduced rates to attend ATA conferences and seminars, and various professional benefits such as credit card acceptance, retirement programs, etc. The ATA holds a large annual conference each year in the fall, and information about upcoming conferences is also available on the ATA website.The ATA administers its own certification exams, which are probably the most widely recognized translation credential in the U. S. As of 2006, candidates for the certification exam must also be members of ATA. For more information on certification exam dates, see ATA's website. 2006 individual dues are $145 per year. 1. 9. 2 National Association of Judiciary Interpreters and Translators The National Association of Judiciary Intrpreters and Translators http: //najit . org is a professional association for court interpreters and legal translators.NAJIT holds an annual conference, publishes the newsletter Proteus, and advocates for positive changes in the court interpreting and legal translation professions. NAJIT's website also includes a helpful list of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about court interpreting. 2006 individual dues are $105 per year. 1. 9. 3 Translators and Interpreters Guild The Translators and Interpreters Guild http : //ttig. org is the only nation al (U. S. ) union of translators and interpreters, operating as Local 32100 of the Newspaper Guild–Communications Workers of America.The Translators and Interpreters Guild operates a translator referral service that is open to members, and offers additional membership benefits such as a union credit card, life insurance, and legal services. 2006 individual dues are $120 per year. 1. 9. 4 American Literary Translators Association The American Literary Translators Association http: // literarytranslators. org is dedicated to serving literary 36 AN OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSLATION BUSINESS translators and â€Å"enhancing the status and quality of literary translation. Members receive a variety of publications about literary translation, such as Translation Review and ALTA Guides to Literary Translation, and ALTA also holds an annual conference on literary translation. 2006 individual dues are $65 per year. 1. 9. 5 Federation Internationale des Traducteurs The Federation Internationa l des Traducteurs http: //fit-ift . org is an â€Å"association of associations† for translators, which gathers more than 100 professional associations for language professionals from all over the world. FIT does not accept individual translators as members, but does old an annual conference open to translators and interpreters throughout the world. 1. 9. 6 International Association of Conference Interpreters Membership in AIIC http://aiic. net is open only to experienced conference interpreters who have worked a minimum of 150 days in a conference setting, and must be sponsored by three active AIIC members who have been in the association for at least five years. The AIIC website contains many helpful articles and links for aspiring and experienced interpreters. 1. 10 Certification for TranslatorsAs we discussed in a previous section, for better or worse, you don't have to have any type of certification to call yourself a translator or interpreter in the United States. Vario us organizations offer certification, but the list of language combinations is far from comprehensive. For example, organizations in the United States offer certification only in language combinations that involve English, so if you translate or interpret German into French or Japanese into Korean, there simply is no certification available in the U.S.. Reliable and uniform certification is one of the most CERTIFICATION FOR TRANSLATORS 37 important issues facing the translation and interpreting professions today. Since no standardized certification for translators and interpreters exists, there is little agreement on what makes a â€Å"certified† translator or interpreter. In some cases, linguists who have earned a certificate in translation or interpreting refer to themselves as â€Å"certified,† while to others, â€Å"certified† means having passed a nationally standardized examination.There is a great deal of controversy over whether certification is a reason able guarantee of a quality job, or whether non-certified translators and interpreters are to be avoided. As a linguist, especially in a common language combination such as English with French, Spanish or German, becoming certified is one way to distinguish yourself from the pack of questionably qualified people offering translation or interpreting services in these languages, and certification may be required for certain types of work.In some court systems it is now difficult to find work as an English —Spanish court interpreter if you're not certified, and some translation agencies may insist that for certain end clients or certain types of translations, you have to be certified if the option is available for your languages. In addition, the American Translators Association's most recent compensation survey (published in January, 2006), found that certified translators earn approximately $6,000 per year more than their non-certified colleagues.On the downside, there are num erous translators and interpreters with excellent qualifications who have failed certification exams, or don't feel that they want to take them at all. As one translation agency manager comments, â€Å"Certification doesn't mean that the person can meet a deadline, work well with other translators or respond to client input and questions, and all of these are crucial to winning and keeping clients. † More practically, the certification exam itself represents a somewhat artificial environment in which you're asked to demonstrate your skills.For instance, although the ATA is currently pursuing the possibility of offering computerized certification exams, the exam currently must be handwritten, something a practicing translator would seldom if ever do. Hopefully, the computerized ATA certification exam will become a reality in the near future. 38 AN OVERVIEW OF THE TRANSLATION BUSINESS Following is an overview of the main certifying organizations for translators and interpreters in the United States. If you work in a language combination that doesn't involve English, an Internet search can help you find certifying organizations in a country where your languages are spoken. . 10. 1 American Translators Association The American Translators Association ht t p : //atanet . org offers certification (formerly called accreditation) to translators in 27 language pairs as of 2006; passing the exam earns you the right to add the designation â€Å"ATA-certified for X to X translation† to your credentials. As of this writing, the available certifications are ( indicates that the test is available in eithe